Saturday, January 25, 2020
Prejudice Essay -- Prejudging essays research papers
Missing Formatting In today’s world, there are many social issues, like poverty, vandalism and unemployment. However, prejudice has become the most dramatic one. Prejudging people for their appearance is a common practice that humans perform. People are not only ridiculed for their color, but also by their religion, sex or age. Therefore, I consider that racism, ageism and sexism are the three major problems in our society and we need to cease them immediately. Much of our world’s history were based upon racism. In the 1600’s, white men used Africans as slaves and treated them as they were not human. "Colored" people were not even allowed to use the same drinking fountains as white people. Fortunately, in the last three decades, race prejudice has taken a positive turn. Many rights progra...
Friday, January 17, 2020
Credit Appraisal Process of Sbi
APJEM Arth Prabhand: A Journal of Economics and Management   Vol. 2 Issue 1, January 2013, ISSN 2278? 0629 CREDIT APPRAISAL PROCESS OF SBI: A CASE STUDY OF BRANCH OF SBI IN HISAR NANCY ARORA*; DR. ARTI GAUR**; MS. BABITA*** *Student, Department of Business Administration, CDLU, Sirsa. **Assistant Professor, Department of Business Administration, CDLU, Sirsa. **Teaching Associate, Department of Business Administration, CDLU, Sirsa. ABSTRACT Credit risk is a risk related to non repayment of the credit obtained by the customer of a bank. Thus it is necessary to appraise the credibility of the customer in order to mitigate the credit risk.Proper evaluation of the customer is performed this measures the financial condition and the ability of the customer to repay back the loan in future. Credit Appraisal is a process to ascertain the risks associated with the extension of the credit facility. It is generally carried by the financial inst itutions which are involved in providing financial funding to its customers. In this paper, we study the Credit Risk Assessment Model of SBI Bank and to check the commercial, financial & technical viability of the project proposed & its funding pattern.Also to observe the movements to reduce various risk parameters which are broadly categorized into financial risk, business risk, industrial risk and management risk. The scope of the paper is restricted to branch of SBI in Hisar. Pinnacle Research Journals                   10      http://www. pinnaclejournals. com                                                                                      KEYWORDS: Credit Risk Assessment Model, Credit Appraisal, Technical Viability. _____________________________________________________________________________ INTRODUCTION Credit appraisal means an investigation/assessment done by the bank prior before providing any loans & advances/project finance & also checks the commercial, financial & technical viability of the project proposed its funding pattern & further checks the primary & collateral security cover available for recovery of such funds. Credit Appraisal is a process to ascertain the risks associated with the extension of the credit facility. It is generally carried by the financial institutions which are involved in providing financial funding to its customers.BASIC TYPES OF CREDIT There are four basic types of credit. By understanding how each works, you will be able to get the most for your money and avoid paying unnecessary charges. APJEM Arth Prabhand: A Journal of Economics and Management   Vol. 2 Issue 1, January 2013, ISSN 2278? 0629 1. Service credit is monthly payments for utilities such as telephone, gas, electricity, and water. You often have to pay a deposit, and you may pay a late charge if your payment is not on time. 2. Loans let you borrow cash. Loans can be for small or large amounts and for a few days or several years.Money can be repaid in one lump sum or in several regular payments until the amount you borrowed and the finance charges are paid in full. Loans can be secured or unsecured. 3. Installment credit may be described as buying on time, financing through the store or the easy payment plan. The borrower takes the goods home in exchange for a promise to pay later. Cars, major appliances, and furniture are often purchased this way. You usually sign a contract, make a down payment, and agree to pay the balance with a specified number of equal payments called installments. The finance charges are included in the payments.The item yo u purchase may be used as security for the loan. 4. Credit cards are issued by individual retail stores, banks, or businesses. Using a credit card can be the equivalent of an interest-free loan–if you pay for the use of it in full at the end of each month. CREDIT APPRAISAL PROCESS Receipt of application from applicant | Receipt of documents (Balance sheet, KYC papers, Different govt. registration no. , MOA, AOA, and Properties documents) | Pre-sanction visit by bank officers | Check for RBI defaulters list, willful defaulters list, CIBIL data, ECGC caution list, etc. Title clearance reports of the properties to be obtained from empanelled advocates | Valuation reports of the properties to be obtained from empanelled valuer/engineers | Preparation of financial data | Proposal preparation | Assessment of proposal | Sanction/approval of proposal by appropriate sanctioning authority | Documentations, agreements, mortgages | Disbursement of loan Pinnacle Research Journals                   11      http://www. pinnaclejournals. com APJEM Arth Prabhand: A Journal of Economics and Management   Vol. 2 Issue 1, January 2013, ISSN 2278? 0629 Post sanction activities such as receiving stock statements, review of accounts, renew of accounts, etc (On regular basis) REVIEW OF LITERATURE Uwe (2005)13 analysed and further development of the building blocks of modern credit risk management: Definitions of default; Estimation of default probabilities; Exposures; Recovery Rates; Pricing; Concepts of portfolio dependence; Time horizons for risk calculations; Quantification of portfolio risk; Estimation of risk measures; Portfolio analysis and portfolio improvement; Evaluation and comparison of credit risk models; Analytic portfolio loss distributions.Christian (2006)15 focused on the changing intensity of three policies that are commonly associa ted with financial repression, namely interest rate controls, statutory preemption and directed credit as well as the effects these policies had. The main findings are that the degree of financial repression has steadily increased between 1960 and 1980, and then declined somewhat before rising to a new peak at the end of the 1980s. Since the start of the overall economic reforms in 1991, the level of financial repression has steadily declined.Despite the high degree of financial repression, no statistically significant negative effects on savings, capital formation and financial development could be established which is contrary to the predictions of the financial liberalization hypothesis. Arnoud and Anjan (2007)17 study appear as the lead chapter in a readings book on corporate finance, financial intermediation and market micro structure. The unifying theme in the book is optimal design, and various chapters deal with the design of contracts, securities, institutions, market mecha nisms, and regulation from an information-theoretic perspective.Each chapter in the book is an original review article that seeks to synthesize the literature in a given area. Six topics are covered: design of contracts and securities; market microstructure; credit market implications of bank size, scope and structure; bank regulation; and finally the interaction between interbank competition, regulation and banking stability. Gary (2009)28 examined that the ‘shadow banking system' at the heart of the current credit crisis is, in fact, a real banking system – and is vulnerable to a banking panic.Indeed, the events starting in August 2007 are a banking panic. A banking panic is a systemic event because the banking system cannot honor its obligations and is insolvent. Unlike the historical banking panics of the 19th and early 20th centuries, the current banking panic is a wholesale panic, not a retail panic. In the earlier episodes, depositors ran to their banks and deman ded cash in exchange for their checking accounts. Unable to meet those demands, the banking system became insolvent.The current panic involved financial firms ‘running' on other financial firms by not renewing sale and repurchase agreements (repo) or increasing the repo margin (‘haircut'), forcing massive leveraging, and resulting in the banking system being insolvent. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY The present paper is a case study which is restricted to branch of SBI in Hisar. The objective of research paper is to study the Credit Risk Assessment Model of SBI Bank and to check the commercial, financial & technical viability of the project proposed & its funding pattern. To observe the movements to reduce various risk parameters which are broadly categorized intoPinnacle Research Journals                   12 http://www. pinnaclejournals. com APJEM Arth Prabhand: A Journal of Economics and Managem ent   Vol. 2 Issue 1, January 2013, ISSN 2278? 0629 financial risk, business risk, industrial risk & management risk. For the purpose, the secondary data is collected through the Books & magazines, Database at SBI, Websites, E-circulars of SBI. DATA ANALYSIS A) CREDIT RISK ASSESSMENT & APPRAISAL PROCESS OF SBI CREDIT RISK ASSESSMENT RISK: Risk is inability or unwillingness of borrower-customer or counter-party to meet their repayment obligations/ honor their commitments, as per the stipulated terms.LENDER’ TASK †¢ †¢ Identify the risk factors, and Mitigate the risk RISK ARISE IN CREDIT: In the business world, Risk arises out of †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Deficiencies / lapses on the part of the management (Internal factor) Uncertainties in the business environment (External factor) Uncertainties in the industrial environment (External factor) Weakness in the financial position (Internal factor) TO PUT IN ANOTHER WAY, SUCCESS FACTORS BEHIND A BUSINESS ARE             Pinnacle Research Journals                   13      http://www. pinnaclejournals. om                                                                                      †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Managerial ability Favorable business environment Favorable industrial environment Adequate financial strength CREDIT & RISK †¢ †¢ †¢ Go hand in hand. They are like twin brothers. They can be compared to two sides of the same coin. APJEM Arth Prabhand: A Journal of Economics and Management   Vol. 2 Issue 1, January 2013, ISSN 2278? 0629 †¢ All credit proposals have some inherent risks, excepting the almost negligible volume of lending against liquid collaterals with adequate margin.LENDING DESPITE RISKS †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ So, risk should not deter a Banker from lending. A banker’s task is to identify/ assess the risk factors/ parameters & manage / mitigate them on a continuous basis. But it’s always prudent to have some idea about the degree of risk associated with any credit proposal. The banker has to take a calculated risk, based on risk-absorption/ risk-hedging capacity & risk-mitigation techniques of the Bank. CREDIT RISK ASSESSMENT (CRA) – MINIMUM SCORES / HURDLE RATES 1.The CRA models adopted by the Bank take into account all possible factors which go into appraising the risks associated with a loan. These have been categorized broadly into financial, business, industrial & management risks and are rated separately. To arrive at the overall risk rat ing, the factors duly weighted are aggregated & calibrated to arrive at a single point indicator of risk associated with the credit decision. 2. FINANCIAL PARAMETERS: The assessment of financial risk involves appraisal of the financial strength of the borrower based on performance & financial indicators.The overall financial risk is assessed in terms of static ratios, future prospects & risk mitigation (collateral security / financial standing). Pinnacle Research Journals                   14      http://www. pinnaclejournals. com 3. INDUSTRY PARAMETERS: The following characteristics of an industry which pose varying degrees of risk are built into Bank’s CRA model: †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Competition Industry outlook Regulatory risk Contemporary issues like WTO etc. 4. MANAGEMENT PARAMETERS: The management of an enterprise / group is rated on the following parameters: †¢ Integrity ( corporate governance) †¢ Track recordAPJEM Arth Prabhand: A Journal of Economics and Management   Vol. 2 Issue 1, January 2013, ISSN 2278? 0629 †¢ Managerial competence / commitment †¢ Expertise †¢ Structure & systems †¢ Experience in the industry †¢ Credibility : ability to meet sales projections †¢ Credibility : ability to meet profit (PAT) projections †¢ Payment record †¢ Strategic initiatives †¢ Length of relationship with the Bank 5. The risk parameters as mentioned above are individually scored to arrive at an aggregate score of 100 (subject to qualitative factors – negative parameters).The overall score thus obtained (out of a max. of 100) is rated on a 8 point scale from SB1/SBTL1 to SB 8 /SBTL8. SALIENT FEATURES OF CRA MODELS (A) TYPE OF MODELS S. No. (i) (ii) Exposure Level (FB + NFB Limits ) Over Rs. 5. 00 crore Rs 0. 25 crore to Rs. 5. 00 crore Non – Trading S ector (C&I , SSI , AGL) Regular Model Simplified Model Trading Sector ( Trade & Services) Regular Model Simplified Model Pinnacle Research Journals                   15      http://www. pinnaclejournals. com
Wednesday, January 8, 2020
The Three Musketeers Book Report
The first step in writing an excellent book report is reading the book and marking interesting phrases or notable features in the margins. You should use active reading skills to retain the most from the text. Your book report should contain all of the following, in addition to the plot summary. Title and Publication The Three Musketeers was written in 1844. It was published in serial form in the French magazine, Le Siecle over the course of 5 months. The novel’s current publisher is Bantam Books, New York. Author Alexandre Dumas Setting The Three Musketeers is set in 17th century France during the reign of Louis XIII. The story takes place predominantly in Paris, but the protagonist’s adventures take him across the French countryside and as far as England. Though the novel is based on historical information, and many of the events, such as the siege of New Rochelle, really occurred, Dumas has taken artistic liberties with many of the characters. It should not be looked at as a factual account of this period. Instead, the novel should be recognized as a fine example of the genre of Romance. Characters D’Artagnan, the protagonist, a poor but intelligent Gascon who has come to Paris to join The Musketeers and make his fortune.Athos, Porthos, Aramis, the Musketeers for whom the novel is named. These men become D’Artagnan’s closest friend and share in his adventures, his successes, and his failures.Cardinal Richelieu, the second most powerful man in France, the Cardinal is the enemy of D’Artagnan and the Musketeers and the chief antagonist of the novel. He is a great statesman and strategist but is driven by a need for control to commit devious acts designed to advance his own cause.Anne de Breuil (Lady de Winter, Milady), an agent of the Cardinal and a woman devoured by greed and bent on vengeance. She becomes a particular enemy of D’Artagnan.Count de Rochefort, the first enemy D’Artagnan makes and an agent of the Cardinal. His destiny is closely tied to that of D’Artagnan. Plot The novel follows D’Artagnan and his friends through several court intrigues and amorous encounters. These accounts are entertaining adventures that not only advance the plot but, perhaps more importantly, describe the fundamentals of court society as well as revealing character. As the story develops, its focus narrows to center on the struggle between Milady and D’Artagnan; the heart of the story is the war waged between good and evil. D’Artagnan and his friends, even considering their immoral actions, are cast as protectors of King and Queen while Milady and the Cardinal represent consummate evil. Questions to Ponder The questions to follow will help you detect important themes and ideas in the novel: Structure of the novel: This book was first published as a serial. How may that have dictated the exposition of the plot?Dumas engages his readers by addressing them directly throughout the novel. What reasons might the author have had for doing this, and how does it affect the overall success of the story? Consider the conflict between individuals: How do D’Artagnan and his friends differ from what we expect of our heroes?Can you find any sympathy for Milady? Why or why not? Examine the traditional roles of this society: What is chivalry?Dumas tells his readers that â€Å"Our modern ideas of pride had not yet come into fashion.†How is the morality of this time different from our own?How does life at court drive the characters toward their destinies? Possible First Sentences Consider these examples as possible first sentences for your book report: â€Å"The genre of Romance always contains the thematic elements of love and chivalry and The Three Musketeers is no exception.†â€Å"Milady is a woman centuries ahead of her time.†â€Å"Friendship is the most valuable asset one can possess.â€
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