Employment and Trade Unions Essay Example for Free

Employment and Trade Unions Essay Throughout the study I have tried with the best of my capacity to accommodate as much information and relevant issues as possible and tried to follow the instructions as you have suggested. I tried my best to make this report as much informative as possible. I sincerely believe that it will satisfy your requirements. I however sincerely believe that this report will serve the purpose of my course (Industrial Relation). I am grateful to you for your guidance and kind co-operation at every step of my endeavor on this report. My effort will be reworded only if it adds value to the research literature. Introduction One of the major functions of human resource management is to maintain smooth industrial relations (IR). It is also treated as one of the oldest functions of HRM. It is basically allied with the relations between the employer and the workers in the industry (Singh Kumar, 2011: 3). According to Weeratunga (2003:5) Industrial Relations or Labor Relations, the terms used interchangeably, can be viewed as the interaction between the various interested parties involved in employment. The employer and the employee are obvious parties. The state, in ensuring a level playing field for both sides, provides the legal framework within which such relations may take place. In industrial relations, workers are generally represented by their trade unions formed under chapter 13 of Bangladesh Labor Act2006 whereas employers are represented by their associations such as Bangladesh Employers Federation. HR managers mediate the relationships between workers and employers though they are appointed by the representatives of employers. Another related term is Employee Relations. Though both the terms industrial relations and employee relations are structurally similar (Decenzo Robbins, 1999: 18), employee relations includes, in addition to industrial relations, such aspects as participative management, employee wellbeing, employee development, employee compensation, employee protection and health, and the like (Aswathappa, 2008:534). Generally industrial relations cover the areas such as trade unions, collective bargaining, settlement of industrial disputes, grievance handling procedure, role of government, labor laws, courts and tribunals and role of employers. In the context of developing countries, industrial relations has been influenced by features such as high exploitation of workers, low level of worker participation in decision making, government and political interferences, high rate of illiteracy of workers, low level of employment, low level of awareness among the laborers regarding rights, laws, and trade unionism, and low labor productivity (Khan Taher, 2008: 222-23). Industrial relations plays an important role in establishing and maintaining industrial democracy (Monappa, 2004: 9) and it is the key to improve productivity in industrial enterprises (Aswathappa, 2004: 534). Human resource management can play vital roles in enhancing cooperative and friendly industrial relations. In Bangladesh, collective bargaining on pay between employer and workmen is prohibited in the public sector enterprises as the government designs uniform pay and benefits for the employees of all public sector enterprises (Mahmood, 2008). The limited scope of collective bargaining in the public sector of Bangladesh influences the trade unions to develop network with government, political parties and other powerful bodies in organizing their activities. It hinders effective interactions between the representatives of employers and workers at enterprise level. Though performance based pay is considered to have significant impact on employee performance (DesslerVarkkey, 2010: 15), it is not at all practiced by the public sector enterprises in Bangladesh. As a result, public sector enterprises in Bangladesh have been incurring huge losses. On the other hand, all types of collective bargaining takes place at enterprise level in case of private sector enterprises (Khan, 1996). Mahmood (2008) mentioned that the industrial relations process in the private sector was often disturbed by links between private and public sector unions. Objectives: a) To explore the differences between public and private sector industrial enterprises of Bangladesh with respect to overall status of IR. b) To put forward policy implications of overall improvement in IR of Bangladesh. Industrial Relations Studies in Bangladesh Khan (1986) studied industrial relations in Bangladesh with special emphasis on trade unionism. †¦ Trade Unions Trade Union is an organization of workers who have banded together to achieve common goals such as protecting the integrity of its trade, achieving higher pay, increasing the number of employees an employer hires, and better working conditions. An organized association of workers in a trade, group of trades, or profession, formed to protect and further their rights and interests. A group of employees in a particular sector, whose aim is to negotiate with employees over pay, job security, working hours, etc. using the collective power of the members. The most common purpose of these associations or unions is maintaining or improving the conditions of their employment. Causes of organizing trade unions Provision of benefits to members: professional training, legal advice and representation for members is still an important benefit of trade union membership. Industrial action: Trade unions may enforce strikes or resistance to lockouts in furtherance of particular goals. Political activity: Trade unions may promote legislation favourable to the interests of their members or workers as a whole. To this end they may pursue campaigns, undertake lobbying, or financially support individual candidates or parties. Conditions of employment and any grievances — are settled through trade unions. Bargaining rights: Trade unions bargain and ensure the status, rights, wages and demands of workers of the modern world of industry. Contribution in economical growth: Trade unions are growing rapidly in an economy because of the expansion of business and economical growth. Objectives Trade unions are the only way to manage, compliant, and control the labour force. Lots of objectives are there to organize trade unions. . To defend or improve the wages and working conditions of workers and to bring about a change in the economic order. 2. To strengthen their (labour) bargaining power collectively to establish and achieve all their rights. 3. To dully protect all other interest of the workers . And from the managements point of view the objectives as written: a) To reduce the number of negotiation. b) To specify work rules, disagreements and grievances to give the better solution to workers claim. c) To establish the efficient communication between the employers and management to enforce the predictable standards. ) To enhance the overall organizational effectiveness workers can also be sometimes inspired to form and organize trade union. In fact, objectives of a trade union are not defined; rather these are changing according to the need of the economy and overall industry. When these objectives are not settled then the rivals are started History of Trade Unions The Pakistan Period (1947-71) -The East Pakistan Trade Unions Act, 1965 was enacted repealing the Trade Unions Act, 1926. -The Labor Disputes Act, 1965 was enacted. -Industrial Relations Ordinance, 1969 was enacted integrating the above two Acts. Bangladesh Period (1971-onwards) -Government of Bangladesh declared a labor policy in 1972. The right to strike and collective bargaining in the nationalized industries was prohibited for six months by Presidential order no. 55 in May 1972. -In 1973, the right to strike and lockout, as granted by IRO, 1969 was withdrawn. -In 1974 Act completely suspended the democratic rights of workers by prohibiting trade union activities such as strikes, lock-outs, collective bargaining. -The military regime of 1975 imposed restrictions on the rights of collective bargaining. The Industrial Relations (Amendment) Ordinance, 1977 liberalized the Rights of Freedom of Association -The Labor Policy of 1980 restored the right to freedom of association to a considerable extent -In 1982 the military regime banned trade union activities, strikes, and right of freedom of association. Limitations In Bangladesh Trade Unions have a lot of unavoidable problems: 1. Lack of consciousness: Trade union are not actu ally completely aware about employees legal rights and duties. 2. Lack of Unity: In Bangladesh trade unions are separated for political influence. 3. Lack of knowledge: The workers of Bangladesh dont have enough knowledge about their rights and duties. 4. Political influence: In Bangladesh, trade unions work a part of political parties not as a free right saving association. 5. Division of trade union: Bangladesh is a country where every organization has more trade unions in name only. The overall productivity got down. Suggestions Strengthening bilateral collective bargaining for solving problems quickly and effectively. Multiplicity of trade union creates the rivals in a union. So it must be reduced. Political involvement must be reduced. Organization must support financially as trade unions support the worker. Training programs under trade union should be helpful to develop the skills of the workers. Trade unions function should be increased and widened throughout the organization. Union leader must be given importance and encourage the members. If trust between workers and management increases, productivity increases. Management must help and guide trade unions to settle industrial clashes and crisis. Trade unions always should demand reasonable thing to the management. . What is a dispute? Academically speaking, industrial dispute refers to any conflict between employees and employers, between employers and employers and between employers and employees. †¢ But in reality, dispute is understood as the conflict between employees and employers. There are three types of Disputes : †¢ Disciplinary disputes †¢ Grievance disputes †¢ Industrial disputes †¢ According to Industrial Dispute Act, 1947, Industrial dispute means any dispute or difference between employers and employers, or between employers and workmen, or between workmen and workmen, which is connected with the mployment or non-employment or terms of employment or with the conditions of labour of any person. Causes of Industrial Disputes: Some of the prominent causes of industrial disputes may be listed thus: Employment: The list here includes disputes over wages, allowances, bonus, benefits, working, condition, unjust dismissals, retrenchment of workers, methods of job evaluation, changes in methods of production, non-implement of awards of tribunals, etc. The National Commission on Labor remarked â€Å"though on majority of occasions industrial disputes were based on claims pertaining to the terms and condition of employment, sometimes economic issues of a general character dominated and, on occasion, purely motives†. The causes of industrial disputes can be broadly classified into two categories: economic and non-economic causes. The economic causes will include issues relating to compensation like wages, bonus, allowances, and conditions for work, working hours, leave and holidays without pay, unjust layoffs and retrenchments. The non economic factors will include victimization of workers, ill treatment by staff members, sympathetic strikes, political factors, indiscipline etc. Wages and allowances:  Since the cost of living index is increasing, workers generally bargain for higher wages to meet the rising cost of living index and to increase their standards of living. In 2002, 21. 4% of disputes were caused by demand of higher wages and allowances. This percentage was 20. 4% during 2003 and during 2004 increased up to 26. 2%. In 2005, wages and allowances accounted for 21. % of disputes. Personnel and retrenchment:  The personnel and retrenchment have also been an important factor which accounted for disputes. During the year 2002, disputes caused by personnel were 14. 1% while those caused by retrenchment and layoffs were 2. 2% and 0. 4% respectively. In 2003, a similar trend could be seen, wherein 11. 2% of the disputes were caused by personnel, while 2. 4% and 0. 6% of disputes were caused by retrenchment and layoffs. In year 2005, only 9. 6% of the disputes were caused by personnel, and only 0. 4% were caused by retrenchment. Indiscipline and violence:  From the given table, it is evident that the number of disputes caused by indiscipline has shown an increasing trend. In 2002, 29. 9% of disputes were caused because of indiscipline, which rose up to 36. 9% in 2003. Similarly in 2004 and 2005, 40. 4% and 41. 6% of disputes were caused due to indiscipline respectively. During the year 2003, indiscipline accounted for the highest percentage (36. 9%) of the total time-loss of all disputes, followed by cause-groups wage and allowance and personnel with 20. 4% and11. % respectively. A similar trend was observed in 2004 where indiscipline accounted for 40. 4% of disputes. Bonus:  Bonus has always been an important factor in industrial disputes. 6. 7% of the disputes were because of bonus in 2002 and 2003 as compared to 3. 5% and 3. 6% in 2004 and 2005 respectively. Leave and working hours: Leaves and working hours have not been so important causes of industrial disputes. During 2002, 0. 5% of the disputes were because of leave and hours of work while this percentage increased to 1% in 2003. During 2004, only 0. % of the disputes were because of leaves and working hours. ? Miscellaneous:  The miscellaneous factors include   Ã‚   Inter/Intra Union Rivalry   Ã‚   Charter of Demands   Ã‚   Work Load   Ã‚   Standing orders/rules/service conditions/safety measures   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Non-implementation of agreements and awards etc. Collective Bargaining Collective bargaining includes not only negotiations between the employers and unions but also includes the process of resolving labor-management conflicts. Thus, collective bargaining is, essentially, a recognized way of creating a system of industrial jurisprudence. It acts as a method of introducing civil rights in the industry, that is, the management should be conducted by rules rather than arbitrary decision making. It establishes rules which define and restrict the traditional authority exercised by the management. Importance to employees ? Collective bar aining develops a sense of self respect and responsibility among the employees. It increases the strength of the workforce, thereby, increasing their bargaining capacity as a group. Collective bargaining increases the morale and productivity of employees. It restricts management’s freedom for arbitrary action against the employees. Moreover, unilateral actions by the employer are also discouraged. Effective collective bargaining machinery strengthens the trade unions movement. The workers feel motivated as they can approach the management on various matters and bargain for higher benefits. It helps in securing a prompt and fair settlement of grievances. It provides a flexible means for the adjustment of wages and employment conditions to economic and technological changes in the industry, as a result of which the chances for conflicts are reduced. Importance to employers 1. It becomes easier for the management to resolve issues at the bargaining level rather than taking up complaints of individual workers. 2. Collective bargaining tends to promote a sense of job security among employees and thereby tends to reduce the cost of labor turnover to management. 3. Collective bargaining opens up the channel of communication between the workers and the management and increases worker participation in decision making. 4. Collective bargaining plays a vital role in settling and preventing industrial disputes. Importance to society: 1. Collective bargaining leads to industrial peace in the country 2. It results in establishment of a harmonious industrial climate which supports which helps the pace of a nation’s efforts towards economic and social development since the obstacles to such a development can be reduced considerably. 3. The discrimination and exploitation of workers is constantly being checked. 4. It provides a method or the regulation of the conditions of employment of those who are directly concerned about them.

Irish Writing Nation And Imagination William Butler Yeats English Literature Essay

Irish Writing Nation And Imagination William Butler Yeats English Literature Essay Born William Butler Yeats in 1865, this poet can be regarded as the greatest poet of Irish Literature. As the child of protestant parents, Yeats was brought up in a time of political turmoil, during the rise of Charles Stuart Parnell, the civil war and the Irish Revival. Yeats began his literary livelihood early, at just aged twenty years, when his first work was published. It must be noted that Yeats was an unusual poet, as he defied any common expectations in relation to the climax in a poetic career; unlike many, Yeats career reached its heightened peak late in life, between the ages of 50 and 75. Perhaps due to this unusual aspect of Yeats history as a poet, his poetry evokes a changing nature. Yeats literature oscillates between the 19th and 20th centuries and thus, Yeats can be regarded, stylistically, as quite a unique poet. In the early years of Yeats poetry, he drew heavily upon Irish myth and folklore, while his later work dealt with much more contemporary issues. Yeats work shifts from the heavily ornamental, fantasy-driven early poems to the fascination with Irish myth and legend, which matured into the concerns of the Celtic Revival and the embrace of distinctly Irish culture. As an older but still unmarried man, he became more interested in contemporary social issues, though he never lost sight of the history which informed them. Late in life, his marriage revived his interest in mystical matters, accompanied by a burst in creative imagination, best exemplified by the gyres of A Vision and The Second Coming. (Website 2) Personally, Im someone who likes to resist the notion of dividing Yeats work into categories of early and late poetry. However, I acknowledge that many things have certainly influenced Yeats style and nature as a poet and as a result, upon the examination of the changing nature of his poetry, I find it necessary to do so. As a young poet in the 1880s, Yeats began to write in the romantic style. Such literary pieces followed the structure and conventions of romantic poetry, including rhyming schemes and metric patterns. His poems were lyrical, mystical and romantic in style, and he placed a key emphasis on love, loss and loneliness, and Irish myth and folklore. It could be suggested that his early poetry pieces were odes to the beautiful and mystical land of Ireland. It can be said that there are certain qualities of Yeats poetry which are significant to his early works. During an interview with James Flannery, Flannery expressed his love for the early poems of Yeats with their lyricism, their yearning for transcendence and their deployment of haunting imagery drawn from Celtic folklore as well as mythic and mystical sources and the sheer magic of the music in early Yeats:   the long, wavering breath-lines, the delicately syncopated rhythms, the lingering vowels and consonants, again directly carried over from Gaelic poetry and song.(Website 2) Published in 1893 in Yeats second book of poems The Rose, The Lake Isle of Innisfree is a prime example of this yearning for transcendence. This lyrical poem expresses Yeats desire to escape from the pavements gray and to elope to a small cabin built there. The poet is wistful and passionate as he yearns for escape to this idyllic location and through his use of imagery and tone he suggests this. The sheer music of the tranquil and peaceful hideaway is created by the hexameters which recreate the rhythmic pulse of the tide. (S. notes) The simple imagery of the quiet life the speaker longs to lead, as he enumerates each of its qualities, lulls the reader into his idyllic fantasy, until the penultimate line jolts the speaker-and the reader-back into the reality of his drab urban existence: While I stand on the roadway, or on the pavements grey. (Spark notes) To Yeats, tradition is oral, the continuity of voice from generation to generation (Yeats, Denis Donoghue) Always in his work he sought to recreate the half-conversational quality which was another legacy of the Gaelic tradition in singing, the recitation of poetry and in daily speech.(Web 2) One can clearly see Yeats voice to the ordinary people in an ordinary language in Lake Isle of Innisfree. Yeats, himself, once said, Think like a wise man but communicate in the language of the people. (WB Yeats) The language elicits an almost conversational quality and by using phrases such as I will, I hear, and I stand, the poets explicit thoughts can be understood by the people, even if only the first layer of meaning is understood. Personally, I feel that this is one reason to why Yeats is regarded as one of the greatest Irish poets; his poems appeal to the ordinary. The Second Coming is one of Yeats later poetry works. It was written in 1919 and it deals with the contemporary issues associated with the aftermath of First World War. Yeats believed that art could serve a political function: poems could both critique and comment on political events, as well as educate and inform a population.(Web 1) The Second Coming subtly includes the idea of Irish nationalism. In this poem, a sense of cultural crisis and conflict seeps through, even though the poem is not explicitly about Ireland. By using images of chaos, disorder, and war, Yeats engaged in an understated commentary on the political situations in Ireland and abroad. Yeats active participation in Irish politics informed his poetry, and he used his work to further comment on the nationalist issues of his day. When compared to one of his earlier works, such as Lake Isle of Innisfree, even on the basis of topic, one can see that Yeats poetic career has evolved and flourished. A continuous use of such techniques of imagery and symbolism remain to be seen throughout Yeats work. However, the main development in his work can be said to be his development in theme and topic. This contemporary poem has many vivid images such as that of seas of blood and drowning, all in which reflect the aftershock effects of the war. Blood- dimmed tide and Ceremony of innocence is drowned. Yeats is picturing in this poem a society turned upside-down and headed toward self-destruction and chaos.(Website 1) In contrast to the romantic and lyrical poems of the early W.B. Yeats, through examination of the use of imagery only, this poem deals with a much more serious and universal issue; one of brutality and loss of life. A shape with lion body and the head of a man(The Second Coming) offers no sense of personification or love in which one could be drawn to, but instead one is repelled as one feels this creature coming closer to us, like death. This offers a contrast to Yeats early poetry as this is quite the opposite to that of a warming and lyrical poem. Unlike Lake Isle of Innisfree, the reader is not offered a sense of hope or escape; in this poem, a sense of doom lingers. As Yeats grew, as a poet and an individual, he acquired relationships with the Irish Republican Brotherhood, Irish National Theatre, Irish Literary Society, and indeed, Maud Gonne. Yeats evolved as a romantic poet and his focus was shifted from mythical odes to contemporary politics. This manifested a distinct political theme, as seen in The Second Coming, in Yeats poetry during this time in his writing career. It could certainly be said that the beautiful, Irish patriot and revolutionary Maud Gonne, was a key inspiration for Yeats early literary works. When Yeats met her for the first time in 1889, he fell in love with her immediately, but, unfortunately, she did not return his love. It could be suggested that because of his love for the politically active Maud Gonne, Yeats devoted his energy, in the early years of his career, to the Irish Revival and Irish Patriotism. Finally and most significantly, Yeats relationship with the changing nature of literature in the early twentieth century resulted in the development of Yeats as a modern writer. As a poet, he learned and incorporated modernist styles and conventions into his own poetry. Yeats was influenced by the modernist structure and form and their aggressive engagement with contemporary politics. Modernist poets challenged the previous literature traditions and they rejected the idea that poetry should be lyrical and admirable. Ultimately, modernist literature had a distinct influence on Yeats and his work and from examination of his poetry, his work from this period in his career can be described as edgier and more concise. A significant change overcame Yeats poetry as regards tone and style, but he never discarded the conventions of his earlier poetry. In conclusion, I think that a changing nature is evident in Yeats poetry, and I feel that this has made him become the highly admired and regarded poet that he is today. This unique aspect of Yeats poetry makes his literature interesting and enticing, and thus, Yeats is one of my favourite Irish writers. As I have explored in this essay, there are many possible reasons for this change in poetic nature but ultimately, in my opinion, life experience is truly the reason behind the metamorphosis of Yeats poetry. As with most of us, life became more and more complex for Yeats as he matured.   But the greater the obstacles he faced, and the more cruel and destructive the losses he suffered, so, in a miraculous way, grew Yeats imaginative power and his ability as a poet to give sublime expression to all that he experienced.   (Web 2)

Importance of Teacher Interaction with Learners

Importance of Teacher Interaction with Learners In order to facilitate learning activity in the classroom a teacher must have a clear knowledge of who learners are. In general, a learner is an individual who engage him/herself in the process of acquiring new knowledges and developing varieties of new skills. A learner can be found wherever a learning process takes place between two persons or among a group of people. In the context of schooling a learner is a child who can be a student of primary, middle or secondary school and their utmost and primary duty is to learn. In whatever age or stage the learner is at, there are some learning theories which classifies the types of learning patterns and thereby the learners. It is believed that learning has no age restrictions and it begins ever since the child starts to talk and recognize. However, the theories involve the social, psychological and creative contexts. What we consider as progressive education was first conceptualized by John Dewey in the late nineteenth century. According to him, the learning process proceeds mostly in a socio-cultural manner and provides a meaning and proper direction in developing instincts in the individual (Dewey, 1987). Albert Bandura also believes that learning occurs from socio-cultural observations (learning through observation which is also identified as observational learning) whereas scholars like Jean Lave and Etienne Wenger that learning and acquiring the knowledge from it happens at the same time when these are being practiced in communities (Lave and Wanger, 1979), and through inquiry (Garrison and Kanuka, 2004). Randy Garrison and Heather Kanuka, also had similar vision in actualization of knowledge. Paulo Freire considered learning not only occurring from the socio-cultural context but also individuals contribution towards it. A group of psychologists in the early twentieth century proposed a behavioral approach to describe the learning process (Stewart, 2013). Famous philosophers such as Ivan Pavlov and psychologist B.F. Skinner identified how habitual response or instincts are being learned by the animals using rewards or acts with certain behavior (Pavlov, 1971). Behavioral theory is connected to an outcome based approach when these are being applied in the classroom. This kind of learning in most of the cases are implemented in Preschools. In such environment, the classes are oriented in such a way to establish certain task and the curriculum is also designed to achieve the goal through behavioral instincts of the children. According to Jean Piaget learning starts from knowledge which is gathered by different kind of experiences from the surroundings. These set of experiences can only be managed by the skills present in leaners stage in development. These theories mostly focus a series of constructivism which is defined as cognitive constructivism. This theory consider that knowledge is actuated internally on a person rather than imposed and after that it is organized into schemata, or the set of structures of individuals understanding through which an individual develops his/her sense of the universe. As soon as the schemata internally forms, understanding occurs. David Kolb had discussed on figuring out the place of various kind of learning in his proposed empirical study of learning cycle (Kolb, 2014). He believes that learning initiates via experimental or feeling stage. This is a stage in which information is obtained from experience and then it is analyzed or decoded to extract further information. The information is then spread in the public or other discussed on interpersonal domain in case of its occurrence in social environment. During the watching stage, leaners step back from the experience and start to pull out meaning from it. For accessing embedded information, the effective domain plays a vital role. It also brings out the subconscious understanding of the information, or the thinking stage. At this stage, relevant information from though out from instincts or other sources can be entered the cognitive domain to justify the validity of the information. Afterwards, the information can be actuated into practical domain, which can be considered as the doing stage. Learners acquire different skills and strategies to obtain result from the valuable information.ÂÂ   This information processing system can be characterized by several cognitive approaches. It also pinches the way individual reacts to different type of ideas, information or experiences obtained from others. A cognitive style recognizes the way a person is focusing on certain parts (an analyst) or the entirety of the event (a holist) or if he is engaging others using words (a verbalist) or visual effects (a visualist) (Stewart, 2013). Each type of learning types also lends themselves towards various kinds of processing mediums. A verbalist, for example, tend to use his oral and written skills of communication to resolve a problem as an accommodator (Kolb, 2014). This also stimulates him to be an activist by the social environment (Honey and Mumford), through collecting and actuating socio-cultural knowledge as it is obtained via oral channel and social interactions as described b y the Kold Biglan model. There are also classifications in the learning style, for example, learning personalities (Dilts, 1995) which reflects the way the learners will to learn, and different sorts of intelligences (Gardner, 1995) which explain the way the learners will improvise and flourish. Such intelligence can be logical, kinesthetic, musical, spatial, verbal, intrapersonal, naturalist and interpersonal.ÂÂ   A learner does not always fall into a cognitive learning style, but reflect a combination of learning preferences to different degrees. References: Bandura, A., Walters, R. H. (1977). Social learning theory. Catania, A. C., Laties, V. G. (1999). PAVLOV AND SKINNER: TWO LIVES IN SCIENCE (AN INTRODUCTION TO BF SKINNERS SOME RESPONSES TO THE STIMULUS PAVLOV'). Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 72(3), 455-461. Dewey, J. (2007). Experience and education. Simon and Schuster. Dilts, R., Epstein, T. (1995). Dynamic learning (Vol. 426). Cupertino, CA: Meta Publications. Gardner, H. (1995). Reflections on multiple intelligences: Myths and messages. Phi Delta Kappan, 77(3), 200. Garrison, D. R., Kanuka, H. (2004). Blended learning: Uncovering its transformative potential in higher education. The internet and higher education, 7(2), 95-105. Kolb, D. A. (2014). Experiential learning: Experience as the source of learning and development. FT press. Piaget, J. (2000). Piagets theory of cognitive development. Childhood cognitive development: The essential readings, 33-47. Sharp, D., Cole, M., Lave, C., Ginsburg, H. P., Brown, A. L., French, L. A. (1979). Education and cognitive development: The evidence from experimental research. Monographs of the society for research in child development, 1-112. Stewart, K. L., Felicetti, L. A. (1992). Learning styles of marketing majors. Educational Research Quarterly, 15(2), 15-23.

Good, Evil and Ethics in J.R.R. Tolkiens The Lord of the Rings Essay

Good, Evil and Ethics in J.R.R. Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings Professor’s Comment: This student was very wise not to summarize Tolkien's Lord of the Rings. The student’s primary intention was to describe the ethical themes that can be found in the book. The first part of this essay describes Tolkien's view on the nature of good and evil, while the second part deals with his ethics of individuals. Excellent work! Introduction The Lord of the Rings, by J.R.R. Tolkien, has been called by some one of the greatest books of all time and has recently earned the claim of "greatest book of the 20th century" in a poll by Britain's Channel 4 (O'hehir). Yet at the same time scholars have often dismissed The Lord of the Rings as a fanciful children's story. While the validity of either claim can be equally well disputed, the The Lord of the Rings and related works by Tolkien nevertheless embody a very clear and consistent set of ethical themes. These themes define good and evil in terms of nature and provide a framework on which the ethical decisions of individual characters in Tolkien's stories are based. Good and Evil Good and evil in Tolkien's work are, to put it simply, that which is natural and that which is unnatural, respectively. That is, what is left alone to follow the cycles of nature is good. Any time that the cycles of nature are disrupted (such as the felling of a forest or the enslavement of a free people), there is evil. There are constant references to this in Tolkien's stories, as when Bilbo Baggins' neighbors remark on his mysterious vigor and extreme old age, "It isn't natural, and trouble will come of it" (21). Or when Sam Gamgee says of the Gandalf the wizard, "Don't let him turn me into anything unnat... ...ase one's decisions, it is nevertheless interesting to see how they play out in Tolkien's novel. If there is anything that can be said of The Lord of the Rings in general, it is that it displays an amazing amount of consistency in every aspect of the tale. This consistency extends even to its ethics, a rare phenomenon in a book of "fantasy/sci-fi." One may not agree with Tolkien's view of technology or fellowship, but the ideas are well thought-out and well developed in the story. They make the book worth reading whether you consider it a fanciful children's tale as some do, or a masterpiece of its genre, as do I and many others. Works Cited O'Hehir, Andrew. "The Book of the Century." Salon.com 4 June 2001. 29 May 2002. . Tolkien, J.R.R. The Lord of the Rings. 3 vols. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co. 1994.

Tom Green Vs. Cheech Maron :: essays research papers

Tom Green is the type of guy who probably got kicked out of class all the time. Teachers, Principal, and administrators knew his name. The guy who was never taken seriously.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Tom Green is a male Stefanie. The reason being, in comparison, both are hyper, crazy, and love to make other laugh and just straight out have a good time. Tom is guaranteed to make people laugh and take his show to the extreme. From particle jokes to crazy pranks pulled, to candid cameras and cruel humor. ( clean humor) No one is hurt while the camera is rolling, with the exception of Tom. a good time   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Little Rascals is a kind of movie that has a cute humor to me. In the movie, it’s based on young kids, between the ages of 6 and 8 years old, who try and accomplish deeds that great of adults. There always getting held back one way or another. For example, when Alfalfa tries to be romantic with Darla, the gang always seems to catch him in the act. So the gang gives him consequences since their club is the â€Å"he man women haters†, so his punishment was to sleep at the club house that was burned down to a crisp, out in a storm, and had to watch it. Thinking there were monsters, and bum’s out there to get him, unable to sleep, all for the love of Darla. Another situation would be when Buckwheat was sent to call the fire department for when the club house was burnt down, and when he finally went to the phone booth, he didn’t’ know the number, and questioned â€Å"what’s the number for 911?† And left..   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"I’m pretty† is a song that is from T.L.C’s latest release. The song talks about, Society, how it has changed and how girls will do any type of reconstruction to their body just to look â€Å"better†. This topic really opens peoples eyes in the song. As you listen to it, you will finally/if not already notice how todays women are doing any type of surgery for some attention, and â€Å"love† from another. If you look good, you will be accepted in society, for being so pretty. But the pretty really counts inside if you think about it. To some it is all about what size of bust, waist, or hips you got, wheter you got it â€Å"going on† or not. This topic is really effecting teens in todays world. Stereotyping the look is what it’s all about. Sadly it is true, but I feel the song will help others notice what is really up

Lemurs in Madagascar Assignment Essay

What are Madagascar’s biomes? Discuss the major features of at least one of these biomes. Use the textbook for biome examples. Madagascar is a tropical rainforest, rain forest savanna and grasslands. The rain forest receives 120 inches of rain at least a year. It has very wet and dense vegetation within the trees. Anywhere from 70 plus percent of animal life lives in the trees. It is filled with lakes, river, swamps and a wide variety of different terrain. There is an overabundance of green plant life that strives on the heavy rains received each year. The forest floor is full of nutrients which the large tree strive on giving the canopy effects and which houses so much plant and animal life. 2. What changes happening in Madagascar are posing challenges for lemurs? Give details about the sources, time scale, and types of change. All the time the environment is changing by people moving in and getting more populated. As people come into a new area they may alter a Lemurs normal route or main food supply in the area by cutting down a certain tree such as bamboo. 3. Which types of lemurs are adapting to the changes? Which types of lemurs are not adapting well? Why? The less vulnerable lemurs are good at adapting to a secondary environment with people. The vulnerable or endangered lemurs are having hard time moving and settling into a new food source or habitat which is causing them to go  extinct faster. Ringtail lemurs can adapt and defiantly go to multiple environments. 4. What behavioral and physical traits are being favored in lemurs in the changing Madagascar environment? People are studying lemurs to find out if you can teach other lemurs certain straight so that can adapt to a new type of environment. Such as eating habitats and what they eat. How the move and migrate from place to place. 5. Why might lemurs not evolve to adapt to the changes in Madagascar? They may not never adapt due to the constant changes in the environment nonstop. Some lemurs can adapt with evolution over hundreds of year but with humans within a few years they can destroy an entire habitat along with food sources within a year. The constant changes always leave the lemurs on their toes. Constantly roaming from one place to another 6. Which biogeochemical cycles may be altered by anthropogenic activities on Madagascar, and how? Many things may be altered such as the soils and living organisms by people moving into the new areas in such a rapid rate. What toll does this take on the environments such as global warming and pollutants in that areas now? What do the changes in the smaller spectrum of things do to the overall climate? Reference â€Å"Lemurs in Madagascar: Surviving on an Island of Change.† Films Media Group, 2006. Films On Demand.

My Ideal Career

My ideal career goal is to successfully complete all necessary training to become a proficient source of protection to our nation. My first desires are becoming a part of the U. S. Marshal forces or joining a Crime Scene Investigating team. I am open to various fields throughout the Criminal Justice system as long as I’m making a difference in the everyday lives of others. I chose this path because of my eight year military background involving tours with the Marine Corps and the Army National Guard.I served fifteen months overseas in Iraq with the Army National Guard where every day was a challenge to restore order. I fed off of the motivation of my fellow troops and my own motivation to make an impact on the lives of the people in Iraq. The careers that have my interest have many similarities that I have been trained on over the years. I chose this profession because I hold a passion for law enforcement and the military close to my heart. In this type of work, a bond forms b etween co-workers that lasts a lifetime. I am not only motivated to make a difference in the communities, but also motivated to join the ranks of a new family.Every day should be adventurous and my motivation for this type of work will allow me to push above and beyond the call of duty. Receiving my college education will boost my level of skills and support my military background to help me find work in various specialized fields. Currently my military background would allow me to have a job under Law Enforcement, but having a degree will allow me to move further along in my career to higher positions and more responsibility, which in return leads to making more money. My education in Criminal Justice plus my military background will both be the backbone to a new beginning.