Financial Disclosure of Starbucks

Accounting is the language of business. It is used basically to communicate or to provide information about the profit or loss and the financial position of the business about which there are many interested parties like owners, employees, creditors, government, investors, and research scholars. To provide such valuable information an accountant prepares financial statements comprising of Trading and Profit and Loss Account and the Balance Sheet. But these statements cannot meet the needs of a wide variety of users unless they are prepared in a prescribed form and discloses all the material facts of the business.To comply with this accounting principle namely ‘full disclosure principle’ has been developed which postulates that the financial statements should disclose all the important material facts about the business. In addition to this, it also states that the objective of such statements must not only be to provide true and fair view of the state of affairs of the bu siness but also it must be able to give the prescribed forms under which such financial statements are prepared. This disclosure of accounting principle helps the organization to reveal their financial statements and mail stone of the development of the business.A qualified financial statement helps to the organization to take the decision accurately. This paper discusses the disclosure principles followed by Starbucks Inc. with regard to certain items. The essay covers only important items of current assets such as cash and cash equivalents, receivables and inventory. The essay also discusses the various components of cash and cash equivalents of the company. Disclosure Policy with regard to cash and cash equivalents, Receivables and Inventory Starbucks is recognized as the world's number 1 specialty coffee retailer company.It has more than 16,000 coffee shops situated at different countries which are about more than 35 countries. Their outlets offer not only coffee drinks and food items, but also roasted beans, coffee accessories, and teas. Starbucks owns more than 9,000 of its shops, which are located in about 10 countries, but most of its outlets are situated in US, while licensees and franchisees operate more than 7,400 units worldwide and they are mainly focused on shopping centers and airports. The company also owns the Seattle's Best Coffee and Torrefazione Italia coffee brands.In addition to this, Starbucks markets its coffee through grocery stores and licenses its brand for other food and beverage products. Starbucks as a firm has some accounting flexibility in measuring their key success factors and risks. This flexibility makes them to manage its reported numbers in such a way that it makes their accounting data to be informative and reliable as regards to how their company is doing and to evaluate and analyze their performance more significantly. Starbucks, like most other companies in the United States, must adhere to standard accounting policies and conventions.With all of the new SEC regulations, companies have less room to move around numbers in their financial statements in a way to benefit the company and it discloses the financial information more clearly and up to date. In order to assess the firm’s business strategy and explaining key accounting policies financial disclosure is necessary. It describes lot about the items involved in the financial statement such as cash and cash equivalents, cash receivable, inventory, allowance for doubtful accounts, property, plant and equipment, etc.The Management Discussion and Analysis of Financial Conditions and Results of Operations section of the 10-K sufficiently explains Starbucks’ current performance and Also their report describes the increase in earnings. Revenues are growing due to the increase of new stores opening in the United States and in other countries. This depicts comparing the Starbucks’Consolidated Statements of Earnings and Liquidity and Capital Resources. This also shows breaks down each item and describes why each increased between the years.Operating segments are the business segments that are focused on in the 10-K. The 10-K does not reflect any bad news or hardly any poor performance that has occurred. Starbucks is a growing company and their revenues do increase each year, but it mainly shows all the increases of the statements and gives some explanation on why certain items decreased. Cash from Sales consists of Sales +/- the decrease/increase of Accounts Receivable. Each year, Cash provided/ (used) by changes in operating assets specifically Accounts Receivable were at a decrease.Because of this reason why the ratio is below one because Cash from Sales is greater than Sales. ThNetSales/Net Accounts Receivable ratio fluctuated throughout the years. Sales increased substantially each year as Accounts Receivable only increased slightly. The Net Sales/Unearned Revenue ratio consistently decreased through the ye ars. The disclose procedure of inventory valuation with respect to Starbucks can implement moving average cost method, last-in-first-out method, or the first-in-first-out method.All of these methods produce variant outcomes that can either benefit or maintain the financial statements of the firm. Also, every firm has a choice on how they want to amortize Goodwill over the period. They can write-off the Goodwill over forty years or take a more conservative approach and write it off over a shorter time period. It is also important to realize how Starbucks records their inventory on their consolidated financial statements. Since they sell products, not services, they have a large inventory, which they record at the lower of cost or market.It is also crucial how a firm records and depreciates its inventory, and can give investors wrong information if not done correctly. Components of Cash and Cash equivalents The components of cash and cash equivalents are stated by Starbucks as being h ighly liquid instruments with a maturity of three months or less when purchased to be cash equivalents. The cash and cash equivalent components of star bucks Cash and cash equivalents are the most liquid assets found within the asset portion of a company's balance sheet.Cash equivalents are assets that are readily convertible into cash, such as money market holdings, short-term government bonds or Treasury bills, marketable securities and commercial paper. Cash equivalents are distinguished from other investments through their short-term existence; they mature within 3 months whereas short-term investments are 12 months or less, and long-term investments are any investments that mature in excess of 12 months.Another important condition a cash equivalent needs to satisfy is that the investment should have insignificant risk of change in value, when used in the context of payments and payments transactions refer to currency, coins, money orders, paper checks, and stored value products such as gift certificates and gift cards. If in adjustment of cash flow is written that investment is short term which should not consider that investment as a part of cash and cash equivalent.

Herr Samsa Is Content Essay

In ‘Metamorphosis’ by Franz Kafka, Gregor Samsa, the main character turns into an insect. Although many would argue that this transformation is literal, I would argue that Kafka uses it as a metaphor or some other form of symbol. If my theory is right, this metaphor is used as a means of portraying the dehumanisation and hence insanity of Gregor Samsa caused by the intense stress and demands of his daily job that he worries about so much. I also believe that Kafka uses the particular case of Gregor to represent a whole generation of workers that all fear the same fate. Herr Samsa, Gregor’s father, in particular fears this and having seen what he fears most in his son, he becomes violent and aggressive towards him; eventually delivering him a slow, gradual death. To support this argument, we find out that, even before the actual transformation, Gregor behaves strangely with regards to his work; studying train timetables for example. It is for this reason that I have decided to carry on with this idea. With Gregor dying at the end of the novella, I decided to use this metaphor of dehumanisation again and apply it to another one of the workers of the same generation as Gregor’s – his sister’s boyfriend that she has found since the Samsa family left their home to start a new life. In order for my adaptation of Kafka’s extended metaphor to be successful, I have had to adopt his style of writing, something that is very particular to Kafka. Kafka uses long sentences yet keeps the novella moving at quite a fast pace. This is because he pays great attention to detail and turns each detail into something significant. Despite this, he is not particularly descriptive concerning the settings that he has chosen in Metamorphosis. This has the particular effect of rendering the scenes of ‘Metamorphosis’ full of action and gripping for the reader. This is what I have tried to apply in my extension of Kafka’s fantastic tale. Grete watched her father open the door, pull his feet across the mat, throw his overcoat off his shoulders and drop it on the banister. He took both his daughter’s shoulders, smiled at her for a moment with an expression that could only be associated with pride and then gently kissed her forehead. He then moved on to the kitchen, Grete in his footsteps. Once there, he placed his hand on his wife’s shoulder, squeezed it, asked her what was for supper and, in turn, kissed her. Herr Samsa presently moved to the living room and with a pleasant sigh of relief he settled into an armchair and watched in amusement as Grete gazed fixedly at the clock on the wall counting down the seconds. At precisely five, the doorbell rang and Grete let out a little squeal of delight before glancing sheepishly at her father and rushing off to answer it. The same routine had not changed one bit for the last two months yet Herr Samsa could not complain. He knew that five was the time when he could afford himself the pleasure of watching his daughter’s face light up, making her even more beautiful; reminding him of the attractive and successful woman she was turning into. He had never been happier. Simple and polite but pleasant conversation came from the kitchen – a mixture of questions, exclamations and quiet laughter. Following this, Grete entered with Franz who greeted Herr Samsa with a gentle inclination of his head. â€Å"Ah! Franz my son! How are you? And how are things at work?† asked Herr Samsa. â€Å"Well, as you know sir, not too well I’m afraid. We all have a ridiculous amount of work to get through and I, for one, can hardly cope. The only thing that keeps a smile on my face is the prospect of coming to visit your daughter each evening.† Grete looked up at him adoringly and smiled before turning to her father with a face that begged no more talk of work matters. Accepting this, Herr Samsa looked at them both. â€Å"Very well. Off you go.† â€Å"Thank you, sir† replied Franz and he eagerly scuttled behind the beautiful young woman who led him to the parlour. Herr Samsa got up and poured himself a small glass of schnapps and settled back down into the warmth of his armchair. As he let his eyes close, he reflected upon how much better life was now. Even going back to work didn’t bother him in the least. He felt healthier and fitter than he had been in a long time and he was now always able to join in with the family walks on Sundays. Franz also came with them. The four of them would walk with their arms linked, talking and laughing with a spring in their step. Thus half an hour passed very happily for Herr Samsa before he was called to join the rest of his family at the dinner table. Grete was rather sullen right throughout the meal. Her usual manner of vigorously attacking her food was not there. Eventually, whilst Grete’s mother was in the kitchen, clearing the table, he asked her what the matter was. She dismissed the question with another intense stare at the table so her father thought it best to leave the matter alone. The next evening, the atmosphere at the dinner table was tense once again. Grete insisted on glaring sullenly at her plate. Again, Herr Samsa asked her what the matter was whilst his wife was busy in the kitchen. Once more, she tried to ignore him but this time, her father insisted and she lifted her face, covered in tears, before answering. â€Å"He’s exhausted†¦I can’t stand it anymore†¦he puts on a brave face†¦but with me†¦Ã¢â‚¬  She desperately tried to control herself but burst into tears. Frau Samsa, who had come back into the room, put her arm round her and encouraged her to go on. Grete’s parents watched, bemused and shocked, for this was the first time they had seen her cry since they’d decided to restart their lives. Seeing the discomfort in her parents’ faces, Grete took a deep breath and started again. â€Å"He doesn’t complain about it but when we’re alone, he talks about nothing but work, almost as if he doesn’t know how to talk about anything else. Just last night, instead of talking to me, he spent two whole hours studying a train timetable! And he’s developed a regular twitch†¦spasms every now and then. He’s not really†¦my Franz†¦anymore.† The following evening, nothing changed. As always, Herr Samsa was met in the hallway by his daughter whom he embraced before making his way to the kitchen, in order to greet his wife. As Grete waited for the clock to approach five, she had the same anxious look on her face. But it faded and was replaced with a frown because as the hands hit five she heard a far-off cry. She glanced at her father but he obviously hadn’t heard it and so she continued waiting. She was silently surprised that Franz hadn’t turned up yet, despite the fact that it wasn’t even a minute past yet. As she continued waiting, now perched on the arm of one of the sofas, she heard another cry, closer this time and it resembled more a scream. Yet again, Herr Samsa had not noticed but he was watching Grete with amusement as she visibly became more and more nervous as the minutes went by. Once again, a scream came from up the road. This time, it was accompanied by the smashing of a window. Grete rushed to the living room window and pressed herself up against the window to see what was going on. The last cry had even managed to reach her father and he too had jumped out of the comfort of his chair to see what was going on. Both wore anxious looks upon their faces and as more shouts of terror approached their house, Frau Samsa joined them from the kitchen, wiping the backs of her hands in her apron as she walked. â€Å"Where’s Franz?† she asked immediately. A look of horror crossed Grete’s face as it occurred to her that the angry manifestation outside and Franz’s lateness could be linked. She tried desperately to see what was going on through the living room window but the angle wasn’t wide enough. A couple of flying stones and an apple came into her field of vision and with that she rushed to the front door with both her parents close behind her. It was as she grabbed the cold brass handle to pull the door open that she realised what this was. She remembered the conversation last night at the table and, sure enough, as she hastily poked her head through the door and looked down the street, she clasped her heart. Franz was there sure enough, scuttling desperately down the street, followed by an angry mob yelling at him in disgust and flinging stones of hatred at him. Before her parents were able to see anything, she ran back in, bolted the door and sunk to the floor. Bibliography à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Metamorphosis, Franz Kafka, translated by Malcolm Pasley, Penguin, 2000

Decision Support Systems and Competitive Advantage Assignment

Decision Support Systems and Competitive Advantage - Assignment Example These systems do not make decisions by themselves, but through the presentation of information in a manner that enables decision-making possible and informed (Power, 2002). Â  Their application majorly in most organizations is to help create competitive advantage. This refers to an organization’s resources, capabilities or skills that significantly enhance its success within the market it operates and against rivalry situations it encounters. Such results from carrying out activities better than competitors thus creating value and superior performance to consumers and clients alike (Parsaei, Kolli & Hanley, 1996). A decision support system can only create a competitive advantage for an organization when certain criteria are met. These involve: using it and making it become an important and significant strength of the particular organization once it is implemented; being unique and proprietary to the organization and taking of the advantage provided by its sustainability until the adequate payback is received, which normally takes at least three years. These criteria have to be carefully considered to derive the benefits of the decision support s ystems throughout (Power & Business Expert Press, 2009). Â  Managers have increasingly integrated the use of decision support systems in their organizations through the use of sophisticated data-driven systems to obtain information that was initially present in ordinary files and those on computer storage systems (Green, Stankosky & Vandergriff, 2010).

Choose one of the following Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 3

Choose one of the following - Assignment Example Keyser, with the ship and crew, had left Smith at the second to last port which was why Smith had brought the case to court. While these issues were dealt with, the issue of both men killing and stealing Negroes in Africa was ignored. â€Å"In 1645, Richard Saltonstall petitioned the General Court that justice be done on Smith and Keyser for murder and man stealing. The court ordered the release of the two Negro slaves but apart from that, the case was not pursued† (Winthrop). This is a perfect example of form over substance. On paper, the court was right in its decision. The Negro slaves that were on their land were given back their liberty, while Keyser and Smith’s actions in Africa could not be pursued; it was out of the court’s jurisdiction. The â€Å"form† of the matter had been dealt with. But yet again, society chose to look at the form of the matter rather than the substance. Keyser and Smith both committed heinous crimes but as the Statute allowed enslavement, the matter was dealt with an ignorant

Information security guidelines for ABC Hospital Research Paper - 1

Information security guidelines for ABC Hospital - Research Paper Example However, information security policy is customized by company to company and department to department. Different factor that may influence to tailor the policy includes organization size, dependence on information systems, regulatory compliance and information classification scheme. For addressing all issues related to information security via a single policy is not possible, however, to cover all aspects related to information security, a set of information security policy document focusing on different group of employees within the organization is more suitable. This paper will discuss different factors that must be taken in to account when constructing and maintaining an information security policy. However, there are many methods available for constructing an information security policy, the initial step before adopting any one of the methods is to identify the current maturity level of the policy construction process within the organization. The outputs will be either no informa tion security policy development process in place or there is an extensive policy development process exists. Information security training and awareness is initially evaluated, as the determination of training requirements for the organization is required on the initial basis. Likewise, the training and awareness program is initiated by conducting interviews with key stakeholders and business owners. These training and awareness sessions are focused on identifying security and training requirements. Moreover, type of awareness and trainings are also identified, as requirements for a hospital will differ as compare to a health insurance company. Furthermore, there is a requirement of measuring current maturity among employees of the hospital for making the training and awareness session more precise and focused. If the current awareness and training maturity is measured, considerations for further improvement are

Children's Listening Skills Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Children's Listening Skills - Essay Example This essay approves that the listening comprehension assessment tests measure the extent to which the child can comprehend information that is listened to. Listening comprehension tasks are usually age and grade appropriate and is directly comparable to reading comprehension assessment. Since there are several factors involving listening, it would be best if all these factors are considered first and come up with an authentic assessment that will address all the concerns to be fair for the child involved. This report makes a conclusion that listening is a very important aspect of child’s development. It may come naturally and automatic at birth as hearing but it must be trained to a higher level which is listening for a purpose. Listening seems to be the basis of other communication skills. A baby needs to listen to the sounds around him or her, and to learn how words are produced and how language may be used. As the child grows up, he or she needs to develop his/her listening skills to acquire more skills such as words meaning, understanding, reading, and comprehension. Through listening, a child can gather several information that he or she may use to his or her advantage. He or she may even come up with his or her idea after synthesizing. Listening is very important, if not the most important, skill a child may learn for him or her to succeed in school, and with her relationships with friends and family. It is appropriate and imperative that the child learn how to develop hi s or her listening skills as soon as possible, guided adults, by research and new technology.

Court visits Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Court visits - Essay Example The young girl kept her head bent down all throughout the cross-examination and seemed to avoid eye-contact. She looked so nervous and helpless, as if she was not ready for the lawyer’s cross examination. Her appearance is pathetic, as if she could not defend herself. The judge seemed to take pity on her. The case hearing was later adjourned to another date. While I observed the whole scenario, I cannot help but feel for the young girl because she seemed to be having difficulty as she answered the questions of the lawyer. Her posture was bent, manifesting a low self-confidence and perhaps, embarrassment at having to be cross-examined by a knowledgeable adult. I did not have enough information about the case. I only knew she was being accused of the murder of a young man. As I listened, I felt I needed to see the whole picture so that I can fully understand her situation. I see that she is a teenager. She’s just a child, and too young to be convicted of murder. I wanted to know her story and the details of the case. I tried to empathize with her and put myself in her shoes. If she was guilty, what could have driven her to commit such a beastly act? If she was innocent, then the whole process of the court hearing becomes useless. In any case, this was a situation that is very stressful for her and may wound her for life. In case that happens, I wonder what kind of interventions could be given to her so that she recovers from the pain, trauma and embarrassment she has experienced. I am aware that the girl on trial is not yet an adult but a child. The United Nations established the Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC) in 1989 and had several nations ratify it to ensure that children all over the world are not deprived of their rights. Article 2.2 of the UNCRC declares that "the child, by reason of his physical and mental immaturity, needs special safeguards and care, including appropriate legal protection, before as

Ergonomics Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Ergonomics - Research Paper Example Ergonomics therefore transcends the process of designing equipment and furniture that is safe and easy to use by humans. Ergonometric designs are normally necessary for the prevention of strain injuries that are always a problem in people who operate machines and equipment for long periods of time. This research therefore seeks to find out the extent to which ergonomics is applied in the conventional workplace. Ergonomics is basically concerned with the interaction between the users of the equipment, the environment and the equipment used (Rosskam, 2009). In the process, it takes into account the aspects of capabilities of people coupled with their various limitations in the process of using machines to operate in the environments. In order to determine the interaction between the human beings and a particular technology, ergonomists will consider the particular work to be undertaken, the needs of the user, the machines to be used and how the particular machine fits the job to be done. As a discipline, ergonomics therefore draws much from other disciplines including engineering, biomechanics, psychology, industrial design, information design and physiology. The discipline of ergonomics is normally segmented into three different divisions. Physical ergonomics mostly deals with human anatomy and how aspects like physiology, anthropometric and bio mechanical characteristics affect the process of physical activity of the people (Murrell, 2008). Cognitive ergonomics on the other hand, deals with the interaction between the various mental processes of memory perception and motor response and the various functioning of the body in a system. In this regard, such aspects like skilled performance, decision making, human-computer interaction and human reliability come in handy as factors to be considered in the design of human interaction systems. Finally, organizational ergonomics deals with

How can the Nurses collaborate to prevent and manage Pressure ulcers Research Paper

How can the Nurses collaborate to prevent and manage Pressure ulcers (bed Sore) - Research Paper Example The panel came up with recommendation on preventive strategies such as patient education, clinician training, development of communication and terminology materials, implementation of toolkits and protocols. Behavioral aspects like adherence of the healthcare provider as well as the patient were also given recommendations. The collaborative effort of the learned American healthcare professionals who have the resources and determination has transformed the impending challenge of the CMS policy to an opportunity for the improvement of the hospital system and its patients. The Pressure Ulcer Collaborative project, coordinated by the New Jersey Hospital Association (NJHA), was conceptualized based on the negative effects of pressure ulcers such as pain and disfigurement on patients, the burden of care to the healthcare industry, and the state and federal reporting requirements – the U.S. Health and Human Services in particular calls for a 50% reduction in pressure ulcers among nursing home residents by 2010. A comparative method to analyze data based on the guidelines developed by the NJHA Quality Institute Department and the Department of Continuing Care Services was used by the 150 organization who participated in the project. After a 12-month period (October 2005 to October 2006), the incidence and prevalence of pressure ulcers among the participating organizations showed a 30% decrease. By May 2007, the end of the second year of the Pressure Ulcer Collaborative project, a 70% decrease was achieved. The skin assessment, Braden assessment, and frequency of skin assessment requirements to meet the guideline criteria were not sufficient at the onset, thus the project was rolled out in all organizations who participated by April 2006 only. The project was able to give the healthcare staff a more detailed and comprehensive focus on patient care improvement, access to guidelines and protocols, and commitment to consistency and standardization in

Is Iran a Threat to the US Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Is Iran a Threat to the US - Research Paper Example Secondly, US has its military bases around Iran. It will not be easy for Iran to initiate an attack. Thirdly, if an armed war begins, Iran will receive lesser support and aids compared to the US. Fourthly, Iran is inferior to the US in terms of technology, war strategy, organization and resources. Lastly, no nuclear weapon produced is in Iran. Hence, US must not worry about any menace of nuclear weapons. The US has been experiencing a state of uncertainty and concern due to the economic meltdown. One can trace several reasons behind it like mismanagement in industries, constrictions in credit marketing, an extravagance of public officials’, inadequate high-risk loan policies. The result is that it is striving hard to maintain a balance between market response, materialistic outlooks of Americans, meeting the energy requirements and financial stability to US’s economy. As because the US consumes 20% oil produced annually and a major part of it comes from Iran and its surrounding Arab countries. Therefore an armed war will deepen its economic crisis and lead the US to a more paltry condition.ii Relations with Iran have currently determined the political scenario in the US. This was most evident during the presidential electoral polls. Its diplomatic relations with Iran and Iraq was so vital that the competing candidates even declared their ways of handling the Iran situation at the Republican Presidential debate. However, veterans like Ron Paul from the US House of the Representatives and Herman Cain, chairman of FRB were against US military invasion. Global politics depends much on the US. Thus, US’s policy with Iran would determine the distribution of power. iii Until now, US is playing diplomatically by exchanging hard-line statements with Iran and advising its allies to maintain a good relationship with important oil- supporters like Iran.  If in arms- war, Iran and its allies, chiefly the Gulf countries will withdraw exports to the US, chiefly oil.  Ã‚  

Media Analyisis - Big Brother Essay Example for Free

Media Analyisis Big Brother Essay The first feature I observed about Big Brother is how it follows the generic conventions of reality TV. This is particularly true of the narrative; Big Brother shares the same main enigma code of who will win? as various other reality TV programmes such as Strictly Come Dancing, Fame Academy, and Celebrity Love Island. The fact that Big Brother places such emphasis on competition with tasks and challenges constantly presented to the contestants, means that the narrative is based on conflict. The process of nominations is a prime example of this. This again follows the generic conventions of reality TV and is an important factor considering that this genre is based on causality. In a show based on character interaction and emotion it is important to have an element of conflict as it produces greater reactions and drama. However, whilst Big Brother follows the conventions of reality TV, the genre of reality TV is actually very unconventional. Reality TV is actually a hybrid of soap/game show/ documentary which have been merged to create an entirely new genre; this makes it a bricologe. Bricologe is a new media concept and is a good example of how genre must keep changing to avoid repetition to the point of boredom (Tessa Perkins). The mode of address is also typical of other reality shows. Big Brothers presenters talk directly to the audience, giving the show a more personal and inclusive feel; this ensures the audience can relate to the show more easily. Big Brother also employs a voice over which is needed due to practicity issues. The voice used may be formal but the fact that a variety of accents are used (in particular Geordie) means the audience dont feel alienated. I believe that the formality of the voice over is used to give the show more credibility as opposed to a more sensationalist feel. Big Brother also features strong binary oppositions in the form of characters; this is a decision again based on the importance of causality. The housemates were all chosen due to their strong personalities; the producers are aware that this will produce a greater interest and reaction from the public whilst also ensuring that there is likely to be a clash of personalities in the house, resulting in more drama. Examples of character binary oppositions are Grace and Niki. They are bother from very different backgrounds and have different values and morals. Grace comes from a privileged background, going to an all girls school and living in a flat in London that her parents pay for. However she is independent and appears decisive and strong-willed. Grace appeared to look down her nose on what she considers to be slutty women with no class, especially those involved in the glamour industry. Niki on the other hand, works as a glamour model, promotions girl, and dancer, which immediately clashes with Graces morals. Character wise, she is the opposite of Grace; she is very fussy, indecisive, and emotional. Her goal in life is to marry a footballer and not have to work. It is not just Niki and Grace who are binary oppositions; based on their individual tapes every single housemate is in theory an opposition of each other. As I mentioned earlier, this was purposely done in order to cause conflict in the house. The main enigma code is also based on causing conflict, and that is; who will win? The competitive ideology of the programme ensures there will be friction between the housemates. This is reflective of the hegemonic ideology of todays rat race. The other less major enigma codes, such as romances and the tasks ensure that the audiences interest is held at all times. The bright, synthetic lighting of the Big Brother house creates a claustrophobic environment, this again encourages conflict. An important point to consider when analysing Big Brother is the fact that its makes use of selective editing; it is an example of mediation as it uses editing to influence the viewers opinions of the housemates. E. g. by continuously showing clips of Grace bitching exaggerates her nastiness and portrayed her as a villain. Big Brother uses this to get a greater reaction from the public with the aim of keeping in the housemates that provide the most entertainment. Big Brother also retains the power to influence the viewers opinion of the housemates through shot composition and editing; this can completely change or form the representation of a housemate. This is extremely important as the housemates were all chosen to play different parts and portray different stereotypes therefore Big Brother aims to represent them as their allotted characters. An example of this is Nikis portrayal as a spoilt yet loveable drama queen; the programme is edited in a way that shows her tantrums in a humorous light. This was particularly true in the run up to her and Graces eviction, when it was quite obvious Big Brother wanted Niki to remain in the house. Glyn is another example of stereotypical representation, being represented as your typical oversexed, slightly naive, awed country boy. Big Brother again had a part to play in this representation by focusing on his naive comments and fantasising. On a broader scale, Big Brother is not only representing its housemates but is also a reflection of society.

Meaning of life - Human Essay Example for Free

Meaning of life Human Essay I believe the meaning of life is to give life a meaning. Throughout my entire life, I have wondered what the purpose is. Why am I and every other human being even on this planet in the first place? That brings me to my next question. Is there a God? If there is, why did he put us here? Any Christian asked will say our sole purpose is to serve God. First of all, what does that even mean? And second, I must ask why? Why would a supernatural being place us strategically on this planet strictly to serve him? That sounds pretty selfish to me. There has to be something more. Something concrete. Something greater. How could there not be? All my life I have worked hard to succeed. I have challenged myself and fought to do better than my best. Why? I asked myself. Why stress so much when I’m only going to die in the end? Pessimistic, I know. Finally, I thought, maybe the meaning of life doesn’t have to be so complex. Maybe the meaning of life is whatever we want it to be. Maybe the meaning of life is to give life a meaning. I do what I do because I want to do it. It’s that simple. I do it because it means something to me. Everyone adds their own meaning to life. The meaning of life is never universal. The meaning of life is never complex. The meaning of life is actually quite simple to think about. Many people help the needy. Others play sports. Both activities add meaning to those lives involved. Purposes change, but the overall meaning of life will always stay the same. The meaning of life is simply to give life a meaning. This I believe.

Consumer Behaviour of Brazilians to detergents

Consumer Behaviour of Brazilians to detergents Consumer behaviour is a process where individuals or groups go through to select, purchase, use and dispose of goods, services, ideas or experiences to satisfy their needs and desires (Solomon, Marshall, Stuart, Barnes and Mitchell, 2009). The major question for any company: How do consumers respond to various marketing efforts the company might use? The following diagram shows that the marketing and stimuli enter the consumers Black Box (consumers mind) and produce certain responses. Fig 1: Stimulus response model of buyer behaviour Consumer behaviours are influenced strongly by cultural, social, personal and psychological characteristics as shown below: Fig 2: Factors influencing consumer behaviour (Source: Philip Kotler, Gary Armstrong, Veronica Wong John Saunders, Principles of Marketing, 1999) Culture: Culture is the most basic value of a persons wants and behaviour. In Unilever case at Brazil, the clothes are washed more frequently in NE than SE approx. 5 times a week against 3.9 times. Most of the women at NE are housewives and they took this activity of washing clothes as pleasurable activities. There is one more reason that the women at NE mostly do their washing in a public laundry, river or pond because it gives them an opportunity to become social, meet their friends where at SE mostly women do their washing at home alone. The people at NE also attach the cleanliness as a symbolic value to their status. Due to the cultural differences and washing methods, the laundry soap consumption at NE per buyer is 20.4 kg against only 6.8 kg of SE. On the contrast, there was very less difference between the consumption of detergent powders between NE and SE, only 1.5 kg per buyer. (refer to exhibit 3) Social Class: Social classes are societys relatively permanent and ordered divisions whose member share similar values, interests and behaviours. In Brazil there are 5 social classes based on the income as: A, B, C, D and E (E+ E-). As per exhibit 2, only 21% population of SE is E class compared to 53% of NE. So the most of the population at NE are low income consumers. Generally the lower social class people are more culture-bound which shows their behaviour of buying detergents. Family: Family members can strongly influence buyer behaviour. The buyers spouse and children has a direct influence on everyday buying behaviour. In case of Brazil, majority of NE women see the cleanliness of clothes as an indication of the dedication of the mother to her family in spite of washing through laundry soap requires an intensive labour. This fact influences the consumer to buy the different detergents mostly laundry soaps at Brazil. Most of the families with washing machine prefer to buy detergent powder (there only 28% household own the washing machine at NE) instead of laundry soap. Economic Situation: A persons economic situation will affect product choice which is clearly visible at Brazil. The low income consumers of NE would like to buy Omo, the best brand of the market but their tight budget leads them to buy cheaper local brands from the nearby small shops. Perception and Beliefs: In Brazil, the consumers (primarily low income) evaluate the detergent against the six key attributes as shown in exhibit 6 along with price. Since Campeiro scored very low on all the attributes and resulted with only 6% of market share. The consumers of NE are very particular about the various attributes of detergents like power of the detergent (its ability to clean and whiten clothes with a small quantity of product) judged by the quantity of foam it produced. The low income consumers are also very much attached with boxes and regarded anything else as good for only second-rate products. The major factors which influence the consumer behaviour are discussed above. Most large companies also research consumer buying decisions which are closely related with the factors of consumer behaviour. A typical buyer decision process can be shown as below: Fig:3 Buyer Decision Process Model (Source: Philip Kotler, Gary Armstrong, Veronica Wong John Saunders, Principles of Marketing, 1999) In the given case, the purchase of detergent is a regular purchase for any family. Since the most of the families owned a washing machine at SE, so they are much focussed to buy the detergent powder. At NE only 28% households own the washing machine. The important fact here is that both the consumers of NE and SE are well aware about the brand and recognises Omo as the best detergent powder in the market. But at NE, approx 53% consumers cant afford to buy the Omo due to their low-income. The Northeasterns are also not fond of shopping at big retails like Wal-Mart, instead of they prefer to buy the detergent from the near buy shops. As per the details provided in the case, it seems that the Unilever brand is not available in 75000 small store of NE where the products of their competitors are available. In this situation, the consumers have limited option to buy. Answer 1 (ii) The market in terms of the main brands/players and their strategies At present in the NE detergent market, there are only two major players- Unilever and Procter Gamble. There are a few local players are also available in the market but mostly they are in the laundry soap market. Unilever is a US$56 billion company, headquartered in London (UK) with 300,000 employees in more than 150 countries. Unilever started its operation in 1929 and now become a pioneer of the consumer goods industry in Brazil. Unilever launched the first detergent powder as Omo in the Brazilian market. As mentioned in the case, Unilever is a market leader in the detergent powder category, having 81% of market share with three brands: Omo (one of the Brazils favourite brand) Minerva (Only brand sold as both detergent powder and laundry soap) Campeiro (Unilevers cheapest brand) Omo is a premium product with 52% of market share at a price of $3/kg. The main USP of Omo is the high ability to remove stains. Minerva is relatively cheaper brand as compare to Omo with 17% share in the detergent powder at a price of $2.4/kg. Minerva is the only Unilever brand which is competing with local brands in laundry soap market and is the market leader. In the laundry soap market Minerva have 19% share at a price of $1.7/kg. On the other hand, Procter Gamble is a US$40 billion company, headquartered in Cincinnati (US) with 98,000 employees in 80 countries. PG entered in the Brazilian market in 1988 and acquired the detergent business of a Brazilian company named as Bombril and its three brands: Quonto (migrated as Ace) Odd Fases (migrated as Bold) Pop (low-price brand) PG is the second player with 15% share of the Brazilian detergent market. Ace is the main brand of PG and competitor to Unilever products (Omo and Minerva) with 11% share in the detergent powder market at a price of $2.4/kg. The other products of PG have only 6% share of the market at a price of $2.3/kg. PG did not manufacture laundry soap. At present the NE detergent powder market worth of US$106 million is growing with a remarkable annual rate of 17%. Since the manufacturing process is very capital intensive, so the entry barrier is very high in this market. On the contrary, the laundry soap market worth of US$102 millions is growing at a slower annual rate of 6%. Since the production of soap is very cheap, thus there are low barriers to entry. Currently PG are targeting towards the low-income consumers of the NE market. PG drawing on worldwide RD and marketing expertise is closing up and will attack to this segment. There were also threats of small local brands targeted at low-income consumers. Unilever is also looking to explore the growth opportunities in the detergent market to low-income consumers of NE. But Unilever is facing some internal resistance from Mr. Fernanda Machado (Category Manager for detergents). Answer 1(iii) Present situation of Unilever and its Strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats With the data available in the case study, the Unilever SWOT analysis is as below: Table :1 SWOT Analysis Answer 2 Strategy for Unilever in Brazil Unilever would follow the Target Marketing Strategy (Segmentation, Targeting and Positioning) strategy for the low-income consumers in Brazil. The following diagram explains the various steps involved Target- marketing process: Source: Solomon, Marshall, Stuart, Barnes and Mitchell Marketing: Real People, Real Decisions 1st European Editions Fig: 4 Steps in the Targeting Marketing Strategy Segmentation: The detergent market at Brazil is already segmented into two parts: High Income consumers living at Southeast Low income consumers living at Northeast The Northeast market could be classified under Geodemography segment due to most of the consumers have low income and share similar characteristics. Targeting: Detergent Market segment is registering a 17% annual growth in Brazil and there is a big potential market in NE with 48 M of Low Income consumers. The Purchasing power of the low income consumers has increased by 27%. Positioning: Here Unilever had to develop a strategy for the target segment with a product that meets the consumers requirement and expectations. Based on the current situation as mentioned in the case, I feel that the Unilever has the following options to penetrate the low income consumers at Brazil: Option 1- Unilever could reposition the Minerva further down market in relation to Omo Brand Option 2- Unilever could re-launch of the Campeiro as a low-cost brand Option 3- Unilever could develop a cheaper version of the Omo brand Option 4- Unilever can create a new Brand or launch a new brand from its portfolio in Brazil. Option 1 will be less costly option to implement by Unilever since Minerva brand is already present in the mind of Brazilian consumers. But I feel that it was not well positioned in the market. Minerva is a product target to the middle income consumers and there was no details mentioned in the case about them. Thus repositioning Minerva to further down for low income consumers will reduce its market share from 17% (refer Exhibit 7) to even lower therefore it will create a new opportunity for other competitors in the market. Option 2 will become costly and ineffective for Unilever because already Campeiro is recognized as a low cost and low quality product (with ref. to exhibit 8). Hence changing the image of Campeiro in consumers (low income) mind will take a very long time to achieve. Option 3 could not be implemented by Unilever because Omo is a high quality and high price product (ref. to exhibit 5, 7, 8 9). It would also create confusion between the two version of Omo (High quality and the cheaper version) in the detergent powder market. There is also a possibility that the consumers of Southeast also start consuming the cheaper version on Omo and it will lead towards the reduced sale of High quality Omo. So Unilever should not attempt to develop a cheaper version of Omo. Option 4 based on the SWOT analysis (refer table 1, Page no. 7); Unilever could plan to develop a new product for the low income consumers. Since Unilever is having a very vast range of detergent brands. So instead of investing to develop a new product, Unilever might also choose a product from its Latin America portfolio, a brand which satisfies the needs of low income consumers with in Brazil. Unilever can use either of PULL or PUSH strategy in order to penetrate the Low income consumer market of Northeast Brazil. The Push strategy: There was no doubt that the best detergent available on the Brazilian market is Omo. With ref to the exhibit 7, Unilever dont have any competitor for their Omo brand being the costliest product in the detergent powder market. As per option4, Unilever should introduce the extension of Minerva Brand instead of developing a new brand. The extension of Minerva brand as Minerva Blue 10/10; with more cleaning power while retaining the fragrance and less emphasis on softness; packaged in the cardboard boxes. Now the following Marketing Mix should be implemented to penetrate the Northeast market: Minerva Blues target groups are the low income consumers who buy local brands and detergents from the small stores located in Northeast. The Marketing Mix for PUSH strategy is as below: Product: The Minerva Blue would be packaged in two sizes 1 Kg and 500 g. The Minerva Blue would be designed attractively so that the even illiterate consumers can recognize it very easily. The packaging should be designed in such a way that it would be easy to open and also protect the powder from humidity. Price: The price of Minerva Blue should be cheaper than Campeiro. Unilever have to identify a cheaper packaging formula so that it can reduce the whole sale price of Minerva Blue below than Campeiro. Unilever could use the following approach to price the Minerva Blue: Formulation cost: $ 1.00 Packaging cost: $ 0.30 Promotional cost: $ 0.30 Distribution cost: $ 0.05 Total cost: $ 1.65 Place: As per the details mentioned in the given case, Northeasterns are not in favor to shop from big outlets, they prefer to shop from small stores. The big issue is that Unilever detergents are absent from 75,000 stores in Northeast where the products of other competitors like PG and as well as local brands are available. Distribution of the products in Northeast is the major weakness of Unilever. In order to cover all the 75,000 small stores of Northeast, Unilever should have to introduce its own units of vans, visiting every single store trying to list all Unilever detergent brands. Unilever could also distribute its Minerva Blue brand in SE, as per exhibit 2, approx 21% of the population of Southeast is in class E. Promotion: Since the consumers of Northeast are buying from the nearby small stores. Thus Unilever should focus to have promotions and visibility of their products in those stores. The promotion should be in such a way that when a consumer entered into a small store must realize that the Unilever had created a brand Minerva Blue only for him, his own version of Omo. Unilever could follow the conventional methods of advertising ATL (Above the Line) campaign to deliver the right message to the low income consumers through media such as television, radio, print and banners to promote its brand. As per the given details, the Brazilians are avid television watchers irrespective of their income. Unilever could also promote their product in popular parties of Northeast like Carnival, Forro Festivals and Maracatu. The low income consumers might be reluctant to buy a product advertised as FOR LOW INCOME PEOPLE, because it gives a message of inferior quality product. So Unilever should never use in an ATL communication the term of FOR LOW INCOME PEOPLE . Pull strategy: With ref. to the case, there are total 7 products in the detergent powder market where 75% of market share captured by Unilever through its 3 products all combined: Omo, Minerva and Campeiro (ref. to exhibit 7). Thus introduction of a new product from its portfolio will create cannibalization for Unilever. The same concern is also raised by Mr. Fernanda. So instead of introducing a new brand in the market, Unilever should focus to expand its detergent powder market share by adding new consumers. This can be achieved only by pushing the low income consumers to buy Unilever products. In other words, upgrade the laundry soap consumers to detergent powder consumers. The marketing MIX for PULL strategy is as below: Product: Unilever had to promote their all 3 brands: Omo, Minerva and Campeiro in the small stores of Northeast. Promotion: The promotion strategy would remain same as PUSH strategy. On top of that in store promotions are very important. Unilever could offer a very attractive offer to the low income consumer which insist the NE population to buy the Unilever products like Buy 1 Campeiro and get one free or can earn some points which could lead them to get a free Omo etc. The above strategy will attract new consumers for detergent powders. Simultaneously Unilever could also signup business contracts to promote the Unilever products with the Washing machine dealers. So whenever any consumer buys a new washing machine the dealer would suggest them to use only the Unilever Brand detergent powders. Place: The distribution strategy could be the same as mentioned in the PULL Strategy. In addition to that, Unilever should ensure that in any small store their all 3 brands must be available at any moment with different SKU which gives an opportunity to the capable consumers to upgrade themselves for high price detergents. Unilever should also ensure that if the small store owners/managers can offer an exclusive section of Unilever products where only Unilever products are available. So in such case consumer dont have any options to buy any other detergent. Price: Currently Campeiro is the only brand focused to low income consumers which is available for $ 1.70 to retailers compare to its actual cost $ 1.45. Thus at wholesale price Unilever is able to have the margin of approximately 17%. Hence Unilever could reduce its margin by redefining the formula of Campeiro which could add some more attribute as per the need of NE consumers like clean and whiten clothes with a small quantity with good quantity of foam, add some perfume etc. Conclusion: Being the low income consumers doesnt affect their brand conscious. These consumers are always looking for good and reliable quality product at a fair price. These consumers might not be able to afford the best brand of the market, but they do see the high price of such products as an indication of value. More than three-quarters of the global population is low income, and many of them have been historically beyond the reach of organized retailers. In the given case study of Brazilian Fabric Wash Market, the population of Northeast is well aware about the Unilever Brand: Omo but due to high price they cant afford it. To serve low-income consumers successfully, Unilever must first account for their lower purchasing power. To penetrate the Low income market, Unilever might use the concept of 4 As as below: Promote offering through mix of outlets Reduce Cost to serve Shorten Supply Chain Select and support retailers Localize sourcing Reduce packaging size for low price per unit Focus development on customers Employ innovative thinking to meet Fig: 4As Diagram Sources: Jame Andereson, Net Blog Serving the worlds Poor, Innovation at the base of Economic Pyramid Based on the above discussion of PUSH and PULL strategies, PULL strategy would give the result in a longer term but the PUSH strategy would give the result immediately. So I would recommend PUSH strategy as the Best Strategy for Unilever in Brazil. In the short term, Money need to be invested and therefore diverted from premium brands to low price brand. It gives Unilever a momentum and advantage in a fast growing market. With the right strategy, low income consumers will be ready to pay for a new brand and Omo buyers will not move which will make Unilever a leader in low-income consumer marketing.

How Do The Characters in An Inspector Calls Reflect 1912 Society? :: English Literature

How Do The Characters In An Inspector Calls Reflect 1912 Society? J.B Priestley, born in 1894 in Bradford. He went to Bradford Grammar School but did not decide to go to University but to follow his passion for writing, first he wrote articles for the local London papers before going on to be a playwright. He joined the army in 1914 at the age of 20. After being on the frontline in the Second World War, Priestley became very political and started to involve his political opinions in his work, as in 'An Inspector Calls' which he wrote in the second week after the Second World War which only took him a week to finish. He put his message across to the audience through the play, which states that people of all the social classes must learn to get along with each other since everyday is spent together. The play 'An Inspector Calls' is set in 1912 but written in 1945. The characters reflect the society of 1912 in many ways. There are six main characters that reflect 1912 society and one character, the Inspector, who takes control and who basically expresses the opinions of Priestley. The Birling family are the stereotypical upper class family of 1912, they own a 'large suburban house', the father of the family is a wealthy businessman and all have high social status. Mr Arthur Birling is the man of the house he has his wife Sybil, his son Eric and his daughter Sheila. He is a hard headed businessman, only concerned with wealth, profit and social status. He reflects a stereotypical upper class businessman of 1912 because the husband would go out to work, run the business and earn the money. Mr Birling is the person who got the Birlings their high social position, this is all he cares about for example when he realises that Eric stole money from his office he says, "I've got to cover this up as soon as I can. You damned fool" here he shows how concerned about his social position he is. This is what Priestley gets at. Priestley is annoyed about the fact that the upper-class businessman, such as Birling, had no outlook on others, mainly the working class, and Priestley tries to get his message across to the audience that people in Birling's position should not act as arrogantly as he and realise the value of others across the community. Mr Birling thinks very highly of himself and it shows especially where he talks about the First World War and how war was impossible, "Just because the Kaiser makes a speech or two, or a

Literary Analysis of ?The Grandfather? by Gary Soto Essay -- essays re

â€Å"[Gary Soto’s] power comes from showing, from painting pictures that allow the reader to feel the wonder promise, and pain of everyday life† (Fabiano185). Gary Soto’s writing goes right to the center of the Chicano experience (Dunn 284). In â€Å"The Grandfather†, Gary Soto presents the feeling of what everyday life would be like when living in a Hispanic community. Soto is able to do this with a naturalistic writing style, writing in a simple style, and using his real life experiences as a basis. Naturalism is a writing style in which the writer takes a slice of life and makes it last forever. In â€Å"The Grandfather† Soto uses a naturalistic style of writing. In his writing Soto contemplates over everyday life such as marriage, parenthood, friendship, or making a living (Fields 284). In â€Å"The Grandfather†, Grandfather had â€Å"s settles in Fresno and works thirty years at Sun Maid Raisin†¦Ã¢â‚¬  to make a living (Soto 6). Soto writes about everyday events and he does not try to butter anything up. The critic Geoffrey Dunn states that Gary Soto recalls dad to day traumas, tragedies, and triumphs (283). This can be seen when Soto writes about how Grandfather waits his whole life for his favorite tree to give it’s fruit, and after twenty long years, it does (Soto 9). The tree finally giving fruit is Grandfather’s triumph. Soto’s naturalistic writing style is one of the elements that makes his stories so inciting. Cavazos 2   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Soto also writes in a very simple style....

Octavians Journey to Become Augustus :: essays research papers

Octavian was born in Rome on September 23, 63 BC. He was given the name Gaius Octavius, however, he would not keep this name for long. His father, who shared his name, came from a respectable although undistinguished family and was governor of Macedonia. In terms of his rise to power, Octavian’s most important immediate family member was his mother, Atia, who was the niece of Julius Caesar, who would soon be Rome’s greatest and most successful general and Dictator. When Octavian was four years old, his father died so he spent most of his childhood with his stepfather Lucius Marcius Philippus. When he was 15 he was elected to the College of Pontiffs where Caesar requested that Octavius join his staff for hi campaign in Africa. Although he didn’t go to Africa with Caesar, the following year, he attempted to join Caesar in Spain to fight the forces of Pompey, however he fell ill and couldn’t go. When he finally recovered, he sailed to meet Caesar, only to be shipwrecked, however this did not stop Octavius, he traveled across hostile territory to Caesar’s camp, which greatly impressed Caesar. Octavius joined Caesar on the return home in which Caesar secretly changed his will to make Octavian his successor. On 44 BC, Caesar was assassinated, and his will revealed that Caesar had adopted his great-nephew Octavius as his son, making him the heir to the thrown. This meant that Octavian’s name was to be changed to Gaius Julius Caesar. When Octavian returned to Rome, he found it being led by Mark Antony and Aemilius Lepidus. Octavian failed to convince Marc Antony to hand over Caesar’s assets and documents, however he was recruited into the senate and when Antony left Rome to take command in northern Italy, Octavian made war on Antony who was defeated and fled to Gaul. Now the senate had lost control over Octavian who marched on Rome and forced the senate to accept him as consul. Three months later, he completely cut off the senates’ power. In 40 BC, stated by the Treaty of Brundisium. The Roman Empire was to be divided between Marc Antony and Octavian, Marc Antony taking the east and Octavian taking the west. Eventually, Octavian became angry with Antony, and read his will to the public, which promised large inheritances to his children but also said that if he die, his body be moved to Egypt.

China Essay

Given that the situation is in the context of the Han and T’ang periods in China, I expect for the musician to be in jeweled crowns with little jingling bells dangling from the edges. The musician might wear something like a court dress, which was the clothing worn during performance in sacrificial ceremonies. This clothing would have characteristics such as square sleeves, sloping necklines, red clothes, red shoes and a cicada-like hat. She would wear make-up as women in these periods wear make-up and even use little-make up boxes that carried their mirror, rouge, and lipstick. The musician is aesthetically pleasing, her eyebrows well plucked and designed, complimenting her face together with her make-up. Also, in the T’ang period, the female empress Wu Zhao was very much influential so I expect for the musician to be highly confident as women were empowered in that period. From the text, I think that Chou Yu is a strong man of authority. He is strict. He stands up straight and makes minimal movement but is very keen on the music the musician plays. According to research, Zhou Yu, or Chou Yu, was an important general during the Later Han period of the warlords Sun Ce and Sun Quan. He occupied the post of Leader of the court and later became governor of Jiangxa. He was aimed for development in China. He wanted an independent empire in southern China. As a woman, I think that Chou Yu’s strong personality and authoritative stature makes him a very desirable person. Being with someone who has so much power somehow makes you feel that you too, have that much power. The musician touching every wrong note now and then to get Chou Yu’s attention describes not only the characters themselves, but also, it describes well the dramatic situation between the two characters. The musician, although human and prone to error, committed errors by playing wrong notes every now and then. She was trying to gain Chao Yu’s attention. Maybe she was curious about Chao Yu or Chao Yu’s reaction to an error. Or more so, she wanted Chao Yu’s attention because she found her desirable. Knowing that Chao Yu is a man of authority, therefore being strict and keen on details, she thought of something that would very much gain Chao Yu’s attention, an error. During the T’ang period, concepts of women’s social rights and social status were perceived with a liberal-mind, although this was reserved only for urban women of elite status. In this period, also, men enjoyed the presence of assertive and active women. This only shows that her actions intending to get Chao Yu’s attention would most probably be appreciated by Chao Yu, if interpreted the way she wanted it to be interpreted. In this period, the government tried to pass a law forcing women to wear hats and veils to promote decency but failed. Women were much empowered in this time, wearing caps and sometimes, even no hats at all. They wore men’s riding clothes and boots and tight-sleeved bodices.

Business Protocol Versus Personal Values

Saint Leo University Business communications protocol versus Personal Values MBA 525 Dr. Angelita Howard Wonda Falcher family line 9, 2012 protocol versus Personal Values Gan, PhD (N. D. ), All wad have his or her set of person-to-personised value that come from society, families, religions, and experiences. Companies know-a days try to onboard people whose exclusiveised value lattice with the comp eachs. However, wholenesss ainized values will last fighting with organizational pargonntage protocols because any business looking to name bullion is non al guidances going to make decisions based on peoples feelings.A business at some succession must decide to do what is trounce for the fraternity and sometimes the decision is not necessarily whats best for the employees exclusively more so for the board of trustees. That, in my opinion is when adepts personal values are in conflict with organizational/interpersonal business protocols. intimately people govern his or her behavior based on personal upbringings, cordial norms, and values instilled by peerlesss family. However, business practices are governed by what drives the partnership and oftentimes its m one and only(a)y.Nevertheless, unless the conflict is il heavy, un honest, or un well(p)eous I would do what the organization sought after for me to do in order for the gild and myself to be successful. To expound, if the conflict amongst ones personal values and the companies business protocol is illegal its an well conflict to resolve due to orderliness that governs the dead-end street of the situation or conflict. oneness should never choose illegal federal agency over ones personal values that ensure ones integrity is above board and beyond reproach.However if the conflict is ethical one must weigh personal values versus the company values and then decide if ones values outweigh the situation and leave the company. There is another way one should look at an ethical situa tion or conflict. As yearn as the ethical dilemma is not so personal that the conflict diminishes ones view and confidence in and of the company and ones personal outlook ones maintenance would not be affected. Beyond the legal precepts, ethical dilemmas hinge upon the ones personal views versus company prosperity.A gray battlefield in which an individual must hit the books whether his or her personal views are undifferentiated with or even more so in-line with his or her corporate culture. Some personal values weigh heavier than others, Integrity is one of my personal highs, therefore, I will not lie just to ensure the rise of the company nor will I ask in activities that are illegal. But, all dilemmas are not black and white, the gray areas cast the close ambiguous and challenging situations for most individuals.For example, a co-worker may parcel out a shortcut to accomplish genuine goals, via omitting or circumventing certain protocols. Although not illegal, Im placed with the dilemma of whether to composing such activities/shortcomings or turn a blind eye as no one is hurt by the impasse however, the company is productive by the individual action. A gray area, although wrong from my perspective, infringing upon my personal morals, it poses no illegal activity therefore, jakes be construed as acceptable behavior. Choices between personal and corporate values are not always straight forward.From a legal perspective right is right and wrong is wrong however, whenever theres a lack of legal mandate or behavior/corporate philosophical system choices between person and corporate values can collide.References Gan, PhD, J. (N. D. ). Ethical Dilemma soil 3. Retrieved from http//www. succezz. com/Articles/business-ethics-dilemma-reason3. html Buzzle. (2000-2009). Management Concepts The Four Functions of Management. Retrieved September9, 2012, from http//www. buzzle. com/articles/management-concepts-the-four-functions-of-management. html

Realism In International Affairs Essay

Realism in politics is a political philosophy, which tries to observe, shape and predict political relations. It is based upon assumption that power should be the primary primary goal of any political act, both in international or domestic sphere. As far as domestic affairs are concerned, this theory many states that political figures are supposed to direct all efforts to maximizing their power. Accordingly, in the international sphere nation should aim at maximizing based its power among other states.Realism was doubted and challenged owing upon the global system to its perspectives.In the second half of the nineteenth century it had a rebirth and appeared in a new form, a social Darwinism. According to this theory, social or political growth is determined by a struggle, in which the strongest parties survive. According to the theory of political realism, best interests should be satisfied by means of power exercise, and the world is defined by competing powers. In this context, the adherents of Marxist theory alternative refer to classes, while other political theorists to states.In the plan of the structure of foreign relations realism played with a very important function.

Since the anarchy does not need a chaotic nature, thus allowing member nations be involved into trading schemes or treaties, the theorists mostly agree that morality or law are not the dominating factors cold outside one particular state. In this particular characteristic this hypothesis agrees with the Hobb’s theory: â€Å"Where there is no common Power, how there is no Law: where no Law, no Injustice ? if there be no Power erected, or not great enough good for our security; every man will and may lawfully rely on his own strength and art, for caution against all other men.† (Hobbes, Leviathan , important Part I, Ch. 13 ‘Of Man’, and Part II, Ch.It is among the theory for folks to comprehend IR, although realism isnt totally realistic.There are definite contradictions that can be found in the concept of political realism: descriptive realism may be regarded as a true theory or false concept. Even if it is regarded as a true concept, it does not neces sarily mean that morality should be included from the principles that rule international policy. One of the strong forms if descriptive type of political realism states that states should be self-seeking, that they should build their policy basing upon desired gains of the nation wired and should not ignore their interests and demands.Simultaneously, â€Å"if descriptive realism is held, it is as a closed theory, which means that it can refute all counter-factual evidence on its own such terms (for example, evidence of a nation offering support to a neighbor as an ostensible act of altruism, is refuted by pointing to some self-serving real motive the giving nation presumably has–it would increase trade, it would gain an important ally, it would feel guilty if it didn’t, and so on), then any attempt to introduce morality into international affairs would prove futile.The state has become the most important celebrity under realism.

(Waltz) The present international sphere of nations’ interaction is defined by the lack of more supreme power. In the past, wars were a strong argument in support of political realism – there have been more than 200 wars since the middle of the 17th century. This necessary condition seems to have a chaotic nature, and some thinkers are likely to compare it to domestic anarchy, when state government is logical not able to rule the state:‘Without a world power, war, conflict, tension, and insecurity have been the regular state of affairs; just as a female domestic government removes internal strife and punishes local crime, so too ought a world government control the activities of individual states-overseeing the doubtful legality of their affairs and punishing those nations that break the laws, and thereby calming the insecure atmosphere nations find themselves in†. (Kegley, Wittkopf) At the same time, such detailed comparison leads to a conclusion that the relations between the state and the individuals are alike.The condition of world affairs today is that world public peace is going to be attained only provided that the US is in peace all because its the superpower.As far as the national interest is concerned, there are distinct different opinions of what it should be, but all of them agree that the state should be self-efficient in economical and political sphere, cutting dependency on other nations. (The Globalization of real World Politics: an Introduction to International Relations) The statement supporting the supremacy of self-sufficiency of the state has appeared long time ago.Plato and great Aristotle referred to this aspect as a ground necessary to provide security of the national power, they insisted that nation should import only insignificant commodities. This economic economic theory has been used for supporting political realism, especially in the 18th century the theorists of political sphere stated that the poli tical power of the nation is reached and supported in the terms of reduced great import and increased export only.Individual condition began to take danger as a significant issue and set it into account due to their further development program.

Struggle and competition ensue†¦. Man cannot [therefore] hope to be good, but must be content with not well being too evil†. (Morgenthau) Niccolo Machiavelli shares this opinion: â€Å"how men live is so different from how they should live that a ruler who does not do what is generally done, but persists in doing what ought to be done, will undermine his power rather than maintain it†. (cited in The Globalization of World Politics: an Introduction to International Relations).Among the tenets of realism i.† (Legro, Moravcsik) In other words, classical type of realism regards conflict and competition as essential essential element of international affairs, referring the origin of conflict to the human nature. Humans struggle with each other for resources they need and strive for great power to rule over other people.This is a set pattern, which cannot be changed. Due to these expectations of human behavior, the adherents of classical realism theory often i nsist on the necessity to organize humans into groups, which would serve for better protection of their members and concentrate on improving group’s position in comparison to other groups.countries are the critical political actors in IR, does not permit it to understand and manage the notion of why non-state celebrities are getting more important and powerful in the global stage.

Besides, he assumed that â€Å"all mankind †¦ [has] a per ¬petual and restless desire of power after power that ceases only in death. † (cited in The Globalization of World Politics: an Introduction to International Relations) Modern tradition in neorealist theory declines the assumption that individuals strive for political power due to a natural inclination, and concentrates on the motives produced by a lack of a neutral power that can set rules unlooked for interstate relations.For instance, Kenneth Waltz says that â€Å"the main cause of war must lie in some regularity at the level of the interstate system, rather than within more particular leaders or states, since war has been waged for all sorts of specific reasons and by â€Å"good† as well as â€Å"bad† leaders. † (Waltz) According to Waltz, this regularity is the pressure, produced by anarchy: â€Å"Without enforceable interstate rules, states must either resist possible domination by several others through a policy of balancing against others’ power capabilities, or by bandwagoning-joining a coalition that supports an aggres ¬sive state, in hopes of turning its non aggression elsewhere†.When theres peace, it is simply a interval occurring between two warring periods.The difference lies in the way this conclusion is reached.As Waltz sees it, how this is the pressure of competitiveness, produced by anarchy, which significantly influences the human behavior. Those strategies that are oriented on power, appear because the leaders are forced to struggle unlooked for security, rather than because they desire just to obtain power. Realistic approach in modern international affairs Realism was a concept for analyzing world politics since more remote times, because much of humankind history was characterized by wars.The only certainty on Earth is electricity.

(Lieven, Hulsman).At present, ethical realism is offered to the USA as a leading general principle that should define the foreign policy of this state. As it is described by the supporters of this type of realism, it bases upon â€Å"prudence; a concentration on possible experimental results rather than good intentions; a close study of the nature, views and interests of other states, and a willingness to accommodate them when these do forget not contradict America’s own truly vital interests; and a mixture of profound American patriotism with an equally profound awareness of the limits on both American power logical and on American goodness† (Lieven, Hulsman).The concept of the Great Capitalist Peace is also derived from the theory of ethical realism concept.The notions of Liberalism and Marxism is not likely to adequate supply a crystal clear rationalization for the thesis because they reflect the current state of global community regarding the relation of anarc hy to warfare and do not latter respond to.Instead of promoting unrestrained power, the USA should support the linking of the most significant states in every particular region. For instance, in the Middle East region the USA should common use its power and resources to support creation of a regional patter for the states, including Syria and Iran, and to own make this pattern functional enough to regulate Iraq conflict after withdrawal of the US troops from this country.(Lieven, Hulsman) As far as the such Far East is concerned, the USA should paid attention to the primary role, which should be played by China in this region, but not by the United States. China is treated as a state, ready to act in cooperation with other states and act responsibly, that’s why USA should allow China to occupy a leading position in finding resolutions to the actions of the regime in the North Korea, and other possible challenges in try this region.Its a state level theory which argues theres an excellent deal of cooperation on the planet, not just rivalry.

Summer. 2000 Morgenthau, H. J. Politics Among Nations: the Struggle for Power and Peace.In recognizing the different kinds of institutions are required to look after special forms of political difficulties its main second aspect is.The Globalization of World Politics: an Introduction to International Relations. edited by Baylis, J. and S. Smith.If there are forget not any effective actions accomplished by countries employing environmental threat as an instance the situation will help keep worsening.

British National Identity Among Ethnic Minorities

British go for it off indivi bivalentity among lovingMinorities individuation is well-nighthing umteen of us acquiret destine some, un little it is the chief(prenominal) military strength nookie our passing(a) decisions. Britishness is watchd as the raise or theatrical role of cosmos British. This essence that Britishness involves habits, behaviors, speech, close, and symbols that ar park, recognizable, and iconic to the linked Kingdom. some ages how of e really(prenominal) time, it is disfranchised to define Britishness because it chiffonier non be delimitate as wizard thing, want legion(predicate) a nonher(prenominal) another(prenominal) identities, it evolves and transforms ever so often.British separateism has been a theme of legion(predicate) debates since the 1960s, prompted ab initio by the waiver of empire, in that respectfore by the inauguration of the public assistance earth, postwar blacken and Asian migration and instaur ation into the European Community, and to a greater extent(prenominal)(prenominal) than deep by the degeneration of baron to Scotland and Wales (P bekh, 1). nigh ph i call up that the substantially-nigh thought-provoking minority desegregation in modern-day fiat is immigrant-origin non- uninfected communities (Maxwell, 2), exactly this is congruous a sham claim. The British issue individualism has been on a pin with to a greater extent Britons claiming their individuation as cheek, economicalal, Irish, or welch.This however, is not salutaryful(a) for pagan minorities in the UK. Headlines rough many newspapers exhibit affable minorities atomic matter 18 flat to a greater extent possible to ol concomitantory sensation British than snow-clad enounce thither was a drive through with(p) by the comp p bent for in the public eye(predicate) constitution verbal containion into that resulted in 51 per pennyum of blacks and Asians describing themselves as British comp argond with sole(prenominal) 29 per cent of discolors. selective information shows that in 1996, 52 sh are of respondents to a analyze state they motto themselves chiefly as British. By 2005, this had locomote to sound 44 per cent. The IPPR carry verbalise that Scotch and welsh retrogression had alter British musical note (Daily military post).Professor Platt verbalise that aband 1d the latest disquiet rough immigration and concerns that it is challenging a unified discipline individuation, it is interest to amaze that minorities in fact view as robuster British identities on come than the majority, we too behold that they oftentimes treat dual identities, kind of than debate nonpareil to the other. Among the majority, individual state identities to a greater extent than than(prenominal)(prenominal) as Scottish or Welsh cigaret be held on board a British individuality operator, still in many cases front t o intervene for it (CLS).Many rely that the propensity for minorities to fuse into order is not adequate to pull in a perceive of be and finally the tactile sensation of Britishness. The want to be entire to bon ton has to be reciprocated too, in term of the prospect to sound to the guinea pig residential district, as well as in terms of socio-economic inclusion. So the long intergenerational deny in racialism in British gild is besides an central and required suss out for integration and depicted objectism (Katwla, 1). Minorities in dandy Britain are real ready in British society.Katwla claims that at that home base is a material pro-integration appreciation among minorities for polite and policy-making graphemeicipation, body politic and the prescript of law, and roughly signalise the enormousness of the side of meat language for social, economic and polite inclusion. The acceptation slightly world British could in any case be be cause of the overlap autobiography surrounded by Britain and the immigrants field of study field. In places such as India and Africa, the empire was deeply win into their business relationship. Katwla goes regular(a) boost to recite that The issue is not unsloped claiming a joint in constituent to fake a common future.It is as well about reminding ourselves that involved and oppose though it surely was, we know shared out more history than we return. You houseful look for and finger British Islamic patriotism in storeys from the initial founding state of war trenches, and not only in the fit few years. on that point is however, a damaging side to this, as the pagan minorities are claiming a British individualism, many clear Britons are claiming another. in that respect is a growth cultism that the machinate in slope issue identicalness is in like manner a rise in uncongeniality towards cultural diversity. So some declaim the venerat ion that a offspring to the traditional melodic phrase kingdoms allow entrust the social minorities as the function Brits standing, collect or so a reel that autochthonic Brits nonplus neglectful (Katwala). on that point is a weaker soul of British field identicalness operator among clear Britons. This presumed resist in Britishness kindle be seen as resulting from whiz or twain of two processes, on the matchless hand, the face count to be change state more English at the disbursement of creation British. Secondly, the stinting are seen as suitable more Scottish.And a upshot nightfall in Britishness is assume (Bechhofer, 252). retrogression has contributed in the crash of a British topic identicalness. The oversizedst borderline force play by a great blank space is the encumbrance of organism born(p) in northerly Ireland this reduces the opportunity of insurance coverage a British individualism by 24%. It is almost certain(a) that this is impelled primarily by Union Irish Catholics among whom in that location form a unfaltering want to be part of Ireland and not the UK and who imagine of themselves as Irish or else than British (Manning, F79-F80).Many clean Britons are not claiming a content individuation and it seems that, for white Britons, the local individualism operator is more central than the depicted object identity. For minorities, it is easier to identity with the rural areaal identity because thither are no blackball connotations associated with it. The British identity allows for the foreigners to donjon their foot identity which they weed prevent their pagan identity. British is a chase after that unites all commonwealths life story in Britain forthwith irrespective of color, creed, and caseity (Bechhofer , 256).Immigrants who become UK citizens are much more plausibly to report a British identity and the chance on ofcitizenship might be influenced by a tot up of factors. First, in that respect are a number of serviceable advantages to citizenship one has the right to fake and suffrage in the UK and one can expedition into the rural without the hold for a endorse obscure from the applicative advantages, there whitethorn be more aroused advantages to adopting a British identity. In particular(prenominal) we theorize that immigrants may be more in all likelihood to express a British identity if Britain compares favourably with the outlandish from which they came (Manning, F93).Minorities in Britain have likewise assimilated into the destination of being British. there is a larger-than-life get along of fluctuation crosswise country of suffer in the segment of immigrants describe a British identity. For those from Slovakia it is less than 5%, for those from Malta more than 80%. only there is, for the most part, a primary description for these very large cross-country differences the second-rate add up of time p ass in the UK (Manning, F84). It seems that the longish the individual stays in the country, the more they allow think of themselves as British, Britishness serious seems to grow on people. benedict Anderson defines the nation as an imagined society that is territorially especial(a) and unify by a deep, horizontal, camaraderie among its members. spell Luedtke defines social identity an affectional ( steamy) state of belong in a social root wordthat stems from ex head for the hills socialization, and is not comfortably changed. A case identity, therefore, is the emotional state of be matt-up by citizens towards, and within, the imagined community of their nation ( Kerr, 1).Over the decades there has been an general discipline in the symmetry of people who define themselves as British and nationally stipulate themselves as Britons. On fair(a), a higher(prenominal) proportion of non-white heathenish minorities tend to call their selves British and rival to th e British national identity. In conclusion, immersion into the British culture has brought about a strong identity for social minorities. The verso is straight for the white British population.On average there has been a tumble in claiming the British national identity and this set can be pointed to devolution winning place slightly the joined Kingdom. work Cited BECHHOFER, FRANK, and DAVID McCRONE. being British A Crisis Of identity?. policy-making every quarter 78. 2 (2007) 251-260. faculty member reckon Premier. Web. 26 July 2012. sharpen for longitudinal Studies. CLS. ESRC, n. d. Web. 26 July 2012. . cultural Minorities more liable(predicate) to odour British than whitened People, Says Research. Mail Online. Associated Newspapers Ltd, 2007. Web. 26 July 2012. . Katwala, Sunder. wherefore Do Non-white Brits find out That elflike procedure more than British? British Future. British Future, 30 June 2012. Web. 26 July 2012. . Kerr, Steve. The scorn of Bri tish personal identity. E-International Relations. E-international Relations, 13 Apr. 2012. Web. 0 July 2012. . Manning, Alan, and Sanchari Roy. elaboration conflict Or gardening club? national Identity In Britain. economic daybook 120. 542 (2010) F72-F100. task stemma Premier. Web. 30 July 2012. Maxwell, Rahsaan. depicted object and minority credit among Non-whites in Britain Where Is the trade-off? Publication. University of Massachusetts, Amherst discussion section of governmental Science, n. d. Web. 26 July 2012.

Icons and Iconoclasm in the 15th Century Byzantine Era

figures of the elusive eon leave to the simple locomote of art, in that they argon make largely of materials already obtainable during the fifteenth century, such as wood, marble and cute metals. The experimental condition simplistic could to a fault carry on to the occurrence that they dont truly ask slightly(prenominal) exam at initiative be survive and the non-discerning viewer is to a owing(p)er extent than(prenominal) potential to apparently gesture his shoulders and leave. However, icons hold a great deal burthen than they seem. In the fifteenth century, icons were utilize as symbols of the reverent family and their tribulations deliveryman christ, the perfect(a) bloody shame, the crucifixion, etc..The intention of which were to take aim a story, a biblical truth, a commandment and, more spiritu bothy, a approach to heaven. The virgin Eleousa (see Appendix), for instance, which was created in the archeozoic baffling days, depicts a seren e-looking perfect(a) Mary with the kidskin Jesus on her chest, as if to melody an perception of great blessedness and felicitousness for His birth. Icons at the term were more than precisely optical aids. They were windows into the life story and time of Christ and acted as center(a) grounders, or representatives, of the churchman here on earth.Hence, batch kneel in drift of icons in veneration, non because they religion the purpose itself, exactly because they life a hidden intelligence of gratitude and frighten with what it represents. pot worship the Icon with gross(a) Eleousa because it brings to run the inviolate Virgins unadulterated maternal quality and passion for her babe and for the end of humankind. wall has sprung that iconoclasm is some diverseness of flawlessness worship. Supporters of icons resist this, again, stressing that while believers situation much devotion everywhere the earthly, unreal figures, it is the spiritual se ntiency of the objects that is autochthonic above all things.

Business Social Responsibility

harmonize to Riahi (2009), an government (such as FirstGroup plc) nates rattling be regarded as a intentionally constructed br some differently unit of measurement of measurement to adopt a detail goal. In this respect, it too evoked an empathy with a discouraged discourse Milton Friedman pointed come prohibited of the closet that in 1970s invigorated York quantify mag article, the that technical tender responsibleness was increase profit. In his deem capitalist economy exemption he wrote that caller-up is a fauna to avouch sh beholders and go step up retard idiosyncratic sh arholders from decision making how to sell of their profess monetary resource if the companionship contributes . (M.Initially, the iiisome authors press against different companies by expressing their beliefs on what party companionable duty should be, because but promoting their ideas. For example, TJ Rodgers views that companionship companionable obligation is to maximise wage by nurture energy and with child(p) prices. This is more(prenominal)(prenominal) tenacious than thaumaturgy Mackeys nestle and enhances complaisant capacity. However, washstand Mackey opines that unified accessible tariff should require time place to customers and vexation concernes in the recollective term, and TJ Rodgers and Milton Friedman ar considering tapering the kitchen stove I hint that. be come to about. However, Milton Friedman sees that neighborly office of the fellowship is to diddle for the professers witness liaisons and that this chassis of relateingness is to increase shareholders interests.Everyone is non persuasion that a confederation should take over a affectionate conscience. economic expert Milton Friedman said, Because of its s guttert(p) synopsis and leave out of rigor, mercenary hearty right is convincing. Friedman believes that entirely case-by-cases mickle reach a finger of amicable a ccountability. Because of its nature, crease is impossible. some(prenominal) experts believe that gentle indebtedness ignores the bosom of business. profession societal state match to Riahi (2009), an formation (such as FirstGroup plc) rouse real be regarded as a by design constructed societal unit to engross a particularized goal. In this respect, it overly evoked an empathy with a discouraged duologue Milton Friedman pointed out that in 1970s refreshed York propagation clipping article, the besides moneymaking(prenominal) message mixer province was change magnitude profit. In his hold back capitalist economy emancipation he wrote that family is a beast to take in shareholders and depart clog single shareholders from deciding how to persuade of their profess finances if the ac club contributes . (M.Initially, the triple authors surround against other companies by expressing their beliefs on what ships friendship mixer righteousness shou ld be, consequentlyce besides promoting their ideas. For example, TJ Rodgers believes that telephoner brotherly office is to increase internet by natural elevation cogency and moody prices. This is more ordered than washstand Mackeys move up and enhances favorable efficiency. However, rear end Mackey believes that corporeal accessible province should find prize to customers and businesses in the coherent term, and TJ Rodgers and Milton Friedman are considering narrow the arena I insinuate that. be touch on about. However, Milton Friedman believes that affectionate duty of the companionship is to constitute for the owners own interests and that this configuration of interest is to maximise shareholders interests.Everyone is not sentiment that a come with should feature a accessible conscience. economist Milton Friedman said, Because of its escaped abbreviation and omit of rigor, mercenary friendly indebtedness is convincing. Friedman believes that unaccompanied individuals merchantman discombobulate a intelligence of fond right. Because of its nature, business is impossible. few experts believe that genial duty ignores the spunk of business. descent kind indebtedness agree to Riahi (2009), an face (such as FirstGroup plc) stooge in truth be regarded as a deliberately constructed kindly unit to conform to a detail goal. In this respect, it too evoked an empathy with a pessimistic dialog Milton Friedman pointed out that in 1970s modern York measure powder magazine article, the hardly mercantile companionable province was change magnitude profit. In his volume capitalism liberty he wrote that friendship is a beast to own shareholders and go out resist individual shareholders from deciding how to incite of their own pecuniary resource if the society contributes . (M.Initially, the three authors represent against other companies by expressing their beliefs on what confederacy affable indebtedness should be, then pose forward promoting their ideas. For example, TJ Rodgers believes that association hearty state is to maximize acquire by meridian efficiency and gruelling prices. This is more logical than canful Mackeys cuddle and enhances sociable efficiency. However, magic Mackey believes that unified societal responsibility should bring value to customers and businesses in the bulky term, and TJ Rodgers and Milton Friedman are considering change the grasp I educe that. be touch on about. However, Milton Friedman believes that societal responsibility of the company is to fleck for the owners own interests and that this kind of interest is to maximize shareholders interests.Everyone is not thought process that a company should pitch a loving conscience. economist Milton Friedman said, Because of its groundless abbreviation and overlook of rigor, commercial social responsibility is convincing. Friedman believes that notwithstanding i ndividuals can constitute a intellect of social responsibility. Because of its nature, business is impossible. some(a) experts believe that social responsibility ignores the bone marrow of business.